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opencc-by-4.0Oct 2022View details →

Figure S1. Mediation analysis on the effect of insulin resistance on intraocular pressure. Figure S2. Forest plot showing the OR (95% CI) for EIOP of ALD versus NAFLD and the OR (95% CI) for EIOP of drinkers versus non-drinkers. Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ALD, alcoholic liver disease; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Figure S1. Mediation analysis on the effect of insulin resistance on intraocular pressure. Figure S2. Forest plot showing the OR (95% CI) for EIOP of ALD versus NAFLD and the OR (95% CI) for EIOP of drinkers versus non-drinkers. Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ALD, alcoholic liver disease; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2024View details →

Рис. 2. ΔоΛговременная Αинамика весенней чисΛенности трех виΑов уток (A — трескунка; B — касатки; C — шиΛохвости) на ΑебеΑинском стационаре Хинганского заповеΑника (показаны уровень значимости и 95-процентный ΑоверитеΛьный интерваΛ) Fig. 2. Long-term spring number dynamics of three duck species at the Lebedinsky Station of Khingansky State Nature Reserve with p-values and 0.95 confidence intervals. A — Gargany; B — Falcated Duck; C — Pintail in The results of long-term observation of waterfowl spring migration in Khingan Nature Reserve, Eastern Russia

Рис. 2. ΔоΛговременная Αинамика весенней чисΛенности трех виΑов уток (A — трескунка; B — касатки; C — шиΛохвости) на ΑебеΑинском стационаре Хинганского заповеΑника (показаны уровень значимости и 95-процентный ΑоверитеΛьный интерваΛ) Fig. 2. Long-term spring number dynamics of three duck species at the Lebedinsky Station of Khingansky State Nature Reserve with p-values and 0.95 confidence intervals. A — Gargany; B — Falcated Duck; C — Pintail

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2013View details →

Figure. Mean pre-adult development time (in days) values for all strains. Vertical bars denote 0.95 confidence intervals. in Effects of artificial migration of susceptible individuals on resistance and fitness of a fenitrothion-resistant strain of Musca domestica (L.) Diptera

Figure. Mean pre-adult development time (in days) values for all strains. Vertical bars denote 0.95 confidence intervals.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2011View details →

Text-fig. 6b. Z-score profile for Moča skull. Comparison of Moča skull indices with LUP and recent sample, –1.96 and +1.96: 95% tolerance interval (95% of the LUP and recent variability), 0: LUP and recent sample mean, grey band: 95% confidence interval of mean z-scores. Only those samples having more than n = 5 in the particular group are included. in A Late Upper Palaeolithic Skull From Moča (The Slovak Republic) In The Context Of Central Europe

Text-fig. 6b. Z-score profile for Moča skull. Comparison of Moča skull indices with LUP and recent sample, –1.96 and +1.96: 95% tolerance interval (95% of the LUP and recent variability), 0: LUP and recent sample mean, grey band: 95% confidence interval of mean z-scores. Only those samples having more than n = 5 in the particular group are included.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2011View details →

Text-fig. 6a. Z-score profile for Moča skull. Comparison of Moča skull measurements with LUP and recent sample, –1.96 and +1.96: 95% tolerance interval (95% of the LUP and recent variability), 0: LUP and recent sample mean, gray band: 95% confidence interval of mean z-scores. Only those samples having more than n = 5 in the particular group are included. in A Late Upper Palaeolithic Skull From Moča (The Slovak Republic) In The Context Of Central Europe

Text-fig. 6a. Z-score profile for Moča skull. Comparison of Moča skull measurements with LUP and recent sample, –1.96 and +1.96: 95% tolerance interval (95% of the LUP and recent variability), 0: LUP and recent sample mean, gray band: 95% confidence interval of mean z-scores. Only those samples having more than n = 5 in the particular group are included.

Fig. 1 in Assessing confidence intervals for stratigraphic ranges of higher taxa: The case of Lissamphibia

Fig. 1. Current hypotheses on the origin of the extant amphibians. Extant taxa in bold, paraphyletic taxa in quotation marks. A, B. Monophyletic origin from within the temnospondyls, with lepospondyls at the basalmost part of the amphibian stem (Panchen and Smithson 1988; Trueb and Cloutier 1991; Lombard and Sumida 1992; Ahlberg and Milner 1994). C, D. Monophyletic origin from within the temnospondyls, with the lepospondyls as reptiliomorphs (Ruta and Coates 2007; see also Ruta et al. 2003). E. Monophyletic origin from within the lepospondyls (Vallin and Laurin 2004; see also Laurin and Reisz 1997, 1999). F. Diphyletic origin with the anurans as temnospondyls, caecilians as lepospondyls, and urodeles as either temnospondyls or lepospondyls (Carroll and Currie 1975; Carroll and Holmes 1980; Carroll et al. 2004).

Fig. 4. A in Assessing confidence intervals for stratigraphic ranges of higher taxa: The case of Lissamphibia

Fig. 4. A comparison of the origination (A–C) and diversification (B, C) times of Lissamphibia according to time−calibrated phylogenetic trees of (A) Stegocephali, (B) Lissamphibia based on the molecular analysis by Zhang et al. (2005), and (C) Lissamphibia based on the fossil record (Marjanović and Laurin 2007). In A, the stem of Lissamphibia is placed as high in the geological section as plausible under the various phylogenetic hypotheses: (I) as the sister−group of Doleserpeton; (II) within Branchiosauridae; (III) as the sister−group of the Doleserpeton + Amphibamus clade; (IV) as the sister−group of Lysorophia; (V) polyphyletic from within "lepospondyls" (caecilians, or caecilians and caudates) and "temnospondyls". Known stratigraphic ranges are shown as thick lines, ghost ranges as thin lines. In B, the 95% credibility intervals of molecular dates are represented by blank boxes; the best estimates and lower and upper boundaries of the credibility intervals are also indicated in parentheses. In C, the numbers given next to the nodes represent the age estimates (Ma) based on the assumptions used for the supertree by Marjanović and Laurin (2007: fig. 9b). In parentheses follow the ranges of minimum (rather than actual) divergence dates as obtained using various minimum branch length assumptions (Marjanović and Laurin 2007: appendix 4); these ranges, also represented as blank boxes, are not true confidence intervals. The colored boxes represent the confidence intervals on the lower bound of the stratigraphic range of Lissamphibia calculated in the present paper (1–6 correspond to the lower half of Table 4: CI 1–Cl 6), where the bottom of the rectangle shows the lower limit of the 75% confidence interval and the black bar in each colored box corresponds to the lower limit of the 50% confidence interval. Abbreviations: Arch, Archaeobatrachia; Cry, Cryptobranchoidea; Mississi., Mississippian; Sal, Salamandridae.

Fig. 3. A in Assessing confidence intervals for stratigraphic ranges of higher taxa: The case of Lissamphibia

Fig. 3. A histogram of the curves (C) representing the recovery potential functions showing each period's or epoch's fraction of the total recovery potential calculated under eleven different assumptions (Table 4: CI 1–CI 6, which assume six different rates across extinction events and two different ages of origin for each except CI 6 which is independent of the age of origin). A bar chart of these data would be more appropriate than a dot−andline graph, but much more difficult to read. The total recovery potential un− der each assumption (i.e., the area under each "curve") is 1. Note the wide divergence between CI 6, which is based only on the exposure area of sedimentary rocks (Table 1), and all others, which include an exponential model of diversification. The much lower recovery potential of CI 1–Cl 5 in the Paleozoic generates correspondingly wider CIs.

Fig. 2. Lissamphibian biodiversity through time. A in Assessing confidence intervals for stratigraphic ranges of higher taxa: The case of Lissamphibia

Fig. 2. Lissamphibian biodiversity through time. A. Number of species found in each geologic stage. B. Standardized species numbers, calculated to account for uneven stage durations. C. Number of lineages, obtained by adding the number of recorded species and the number of ghost lineages for each geologic stage. Major biological crises identified in other taxa are shown as continuous gray lines. Minor crises that may have affected lissamphibians are shown as dashed gray lines. Since most post−Miocene species are excluded, this figure ends with the terminal Miocene. Minimum (white) and maximum (black) values have been calculated under various assumptions about the age of several middle Miocene species and the status of specimens with questionable affinities. The geologic timescale follows Gradstein et al. (2004) in all figures. Abbreviations: J, Jurassic; K, Cretaceous; M, Miocene; O, Oligocene; P, Permian; Pg, Paleogene; Tr, Triassic.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2024View details →

Clinically relevant or statistically significant: effects, p-values and confidence intervals

When evaluating and interpreting medical studies, a distinction must be made as to whether the result is clinically relevant and/or statistically significant. For this decision, it is best to calculate effects, p-values and confidence intervals. A decision can be made depending on the effects and the p-values or confidence intervals (e.g. 95% CI). The diagram illustrates the different scenarios of a clinically relevant and/or statistically significant result.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

Free Energy Differences from Molecular Simulations: Exact Confidence Intervals from Transition Counts

Supporting data for Free Energy Differences from Molecular Simulations: Exact Confidence Intervals from Transition Counts Molecular simulations make it possible to predict equilibrium constants and corresponding free energy differences. For a system that exists in two states A and B, the equilibrium constant K can be predicted as K = t_B / t_A, where t_B and t_A are times spent in states B and A, respectively. The free energy can be calculated as Delta G = -kT log(K). Here we propose a new method for calculation of confidence intervals for K and Delta G. The ratio of the true value of K and estimated K follows the F-distribution with degrees of freedom df1 = number of B to A transitions and df2 = number of A to B transitions. This makes it possible to calculated the confidence interval of K solely from the number of transitions. The code in the directory errors was used to calculate Table 1 of the article. The code in the directory type1error was used to generate 10000 first time passage times for a transition from A to B and B to A as random numbers with exponential distribution. This was done for different combinations of number of transition and values of K. Number of confidence intervals not spanning the predefined value of K (type 1 errors) was expected to be 5 % for 95-% confidence intervals. This was in agreement with the result. The code in the directory type1errorodd was used to run similar experiment as type1error, but with number of A to B transitions higher than B to A by one. The code in the directory threestates was used to run similar experiment as type1error and  type1errorodd but for a system with three states A, B and C. The directory glycerol contains a trajectory, evolution of values of torsion angles and the code for analysis of the simulation of glycerol in water. The directory ffmp contains evolution of values of RMSD from the native structure, manual assignments of folded and unfolded states and the code for analysis of simulations of fast folding miniproteins (original data from Lindorf-Larsen et al. Science 2011, 334(6055) 517-520). The directory se contains the code for calculation of standard errors numerically and by the method presented in the article. The directory parallel presents the code for calculations supporting our method to calculate rate and equilibrium constants in parallel simulations. Codes written in R were executed using R version 3.4.4 by running: $ R –no-save < code.R > code.log File md5sums contains md5sum codes for all files.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2024View details →

Average values of S(B) and their corresponding 90% confidence intervals

The animation displays the average values of S(B) for B < 10^6 along with their corresponding 90% confidence intervals,  for elliptic curves with ranks 0 or 1 in the conductor range [N,N+10\sqrt(n)]. The cross indicates the location of the local maximum,  while circles represent predictions for the first three local maxima at 0.08N, 0.65N, and 1.7N.

opennotspecifiedJan 2022View details →

FIGURE. Scatter plots (N=200) and linear regression lines of the length and diameter of termite coprolites from the Lower Cretaceous Huolinhe Formation in eastern Inner Mongolia, China. The grey shading represents the 95% confidence interval of linear relationship. Note scatter plots depicting a k-means clustering analysis reveals three groups, indicated by circles of different colours; stars of different colour mean the clusters centroids which are the average length and diameter. in Termite coprolites (Blattodea: Isoptera) from the Early Cretaceous of eastern Inner Mongolia, Northeast China

FIGURE. Scatter plots (N=200) and linear regression lines of the length and diameter of termite coprolites from the Lower Cretaceous Huolinhe Formation in eastern Inner Mongolia, China. The grey shading represents the 95% confidence interval of linear relationship. Note scatter plots depicting a k-means clustering analysis reveals three groups, indicated by circles of different colours; stars of different colour mean the clusters centroids which are the average length and diameter.

opennotspecifiedMay 2019View details →

FIG UR E 3 (a) Dated phylogeny of the genus Theodoxus constructed in BEAST based on COI, 16S and ATPα. Node labels denote divergence times in millions of years ago (Ma); node bars indicate the 95% credibility interval around these dates. Small squares at nodes indicate significant support of divergence events found with BEAST and other phylogenetic analyses (see Figures S2.1 and S2.2), as explained through the key. Where MOTUs (A–R) show conspecifics among a number of morphospecies, species names are given in order of their year of description. Morphospecies, incorporated from GenBank, where determination was potentially dubious are highlighted by an asterisk. Clades (C) and subclades (SC) are demarcated by dashed lines between MOTUs. (b) LTT plots indicating the build‐up of lineages in Theodoxus over geological time. Dashed lines surrounding the solid LTT lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals. Where intra‐ and interspecific diversity diverge, interspecific diversity is highlighted in blue and intraspecific diversity in red. Transitions in geological ages are highlighted by narrow grey lines, while the grey bar marks the period of pronounced glacial cycles (last 900 kyr) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] in Contributions of biogeographical functions to species accumulation may change over time in refugial regions

FIG UR E 3 (a) Dated phylogeny of the genus Theodoxus constructed in BEAST based on COI, 16S and ATPα. Node labels denote divergence times in millions of years ago (Ma); node bars indicate the 95% credibility interval around these dates. Small squares at nodes indicate significant support of divergence events found with BEAST and other phylogenetic analyses (see Figures S2.1 and S2.2), as explained through the key. Where MOTUs (A–R) show conspecifics among a number of morphospecies, species names are given in order of their year of description. Morphospecies, incorporated from GenBank, where determination was potentially dubious are highlighted by an asterisk. Clades (C) and subclades (SC) are demarcated by dashed lines between MOTUs. (b) LTT plots indicating the build‐up of lineages in Theodoxus over geological time. Dashed lines surrounding the solid LTT lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals. Where intra‐ and interspecific diversity diverge, interspecific diversity is highlighted in blue and intraspecific diversity in red. Transitions in geological ages are highlighted by narrow grey lines, while the grey bar marks the period of pronounced glacial cycles (last 900 kyr) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]