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Raw data for "The role of conidia in the dispersal of *Ascochyta rabiei*"
<p>Raw data associated with the pre-print, “<em>The role of conidia in the dispersal of </em>Ascochyta rabiei”, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.12.091827">https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.12.091827</a></p> <p>There are six data files associated with this manuscript. Five are raw data, one was generated as a course of the analysis, “weather_summary.csv”. All files are in .csv format. Details for each including the number of columns and column contents and units follow.</p> <p><strong>Files and Content Descriptions</strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>BCG_weather_data.csv</strong> – 15-minute interval weather data from the Birchip Ag Group automated weather station near Curyo, Victoria, Australia for the time period of 01/10/2019 to 31/10/2019</li> <li><strong>Curyo_SPA_2019_weather.csv </strong>– 10-minute interval weather data from AgVictoria’s automated weather station at Curyo, Victoria, Australia from 22/01/2019 to 06/12/2019 recorded with Measurement Engineering Australia, Adelaide, Australia equipment</li> <li><strong>Dispersal_experiment_dates.csv</strong> – Data detailing each spread event at each location including the time trap plants were put out and brought in and date assessed</li> <li><strong>Horsham_SPA_2019_weather.csv</strong> – 10-minute interval weather data from AgVictoria’s automated weather station at Horsham, Victoria, Australia from 01/01/2019 to 06/12/2019 recorded with Measurement Engineering Australia, Adelaide, Australia equipment</li> <li><strong>lesion_counts.csv </strong>– Data detailing lesion counts on trap plants for each location and spread event</li> <li><strong>weather_summary.csv</strong>– Summary weather data detailing for each location and spread event</li> </ul> <p><em><strong>BCG_weather_data.csv </strong></em>The file “BCG_weather_data.csv” contains six columns:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Reading Time </strong>– the time at which the data was recorded</li> <li><strong>Rainfall</strong> – the amount of rainfall (mm)</li> <li><strong>Humidity</strong> – relative humidity (%)</li> <li><strong>Temperature</strong> – air temperature (˚C)</li> <li><strong>Wind Speed</strong> – wind speed (km/p)</li> <li><strong>Wind Direction</strong> – direction in which the wind was blowing from (cardinal directions)</li> </ul> <p><em><strong>Curyo_SPA_2019_weather.csv</strong></em> and H<em><strong>orsham_SPA_2019_weather.csv </strong></em>The files “Curyo_SPA_2019_weather.csv” and “Horsham_SPA_2019_weather.csv” both contain 22 columns:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Time</strong></li> <li><strong>Air Temperature - average (ºC)</strong></li> <li><strong>Soil Temperature - average (ºC)</strong></li> <li><strong>Relative Humidity - average (%)</strong></li> <li><strong>Wind Speed - minimum (km/h)</strong></li> <li><strong>Wind Speed - average (km/h)</strong></li> <li><strong>Wind Speed - maximum (km/h)</strong></li> <li><strong>Wind Direction - average (º)</strong></li> <li><strong>Solar Radiation - average (W/m^2)</strong></li> <li><strong>Sigma - average (deg)</strong></li> <li><strong>Rainfall - (mm)</strong></li> <li><strong>Voltage - minimum (V)</strong></li> <li><strong>Voltage - average (V)</strong></li> <li><strong>Voltage - maximum (V)</strong></li> <li><strong>Apparent Temperature - average (ºC)</strong></li> <li><strong>Dew Point - average (ºC)</strong></li> <li><strong>Delta T - average (ºC)</strong></li> </ul> <p><em><strong>Dispersal_experiment_dates.csv </strong></em>The file “Dispersal_experiment_dates.csv” contains five columns:</p> <ul> <li><strong>site </strong>– The experiment location</li> <li><strong>rep </strong>– Spread event number for each location</li> <li><strong>time out </strong>– date and time on which the trap plants were deployed in the paddock for the spread event (rainfall)</li> <li><strong>time removed </strong>– date and time on which the trap plants were retrieved from the paddock after the spread event (rainfall)</li> <li><strong>assessment date</strong>– date on which trap plants were assessed for number of lesions</li> </ul> <p><em><strong>lesion_counts.csv </strong></em>The file "lesion_counts.csv” contains thirteen columns:</p> <ul> <li><strong>site </strong>– The experiment location</li> <li><strong>rep </strong>– Spread event number for each location</li> <li><strong>distance </strong>– Distance from infection source (m)</li> <li><strong>station – </strong>Trap plant units (number of trap plants at each point along transect)</li> <li><strong>transect – </strong>One of ten repeating lines along which the trap plant stations were deployed in a 90˚ arc downwind of the infection source</li> <li><strong>dist_stat – </strong>A concatenation of the ‘dist’ and ‘station’ columns</li> <li><strong>plant_no – </strong>Total number of plants at a given station</li> <li><strong>pot_no </strong>– Individually assigned pot number for each individual transect (1 – 56)</li> <li><strong>counts_p1 – </strong>Lesion counts for Pot 1</li> <li><strong>counts_p2 – </strong>Lesion counts for Pot 2</li> <li><strong>counts_p3 – </strong>Lesion counts for Pot 3</li> <li><strong>counts_p4 – </strong>Lesion counts for Pot 4</li> <li><strong>counts_p5 – </strong>Lesion counts for Pot 5</li> </ul> <p><em><strong>weather_summary.csv </strong></em>The file “weather_summary.csv” contains six columns that summarise the weather conditions during each of the six spread events at three experiment plot locations.</p> <ul> <li><strong>site </strong>– The experiment location</li> <li><strong>rep</strong> – Spread event number for each location</li> <li><strong>mws</strong> – Mean wind speed for the spread event (m/s)</li> <li><strong>ws_sd </strong>– Wind speed standard deviation for the spread event</li> <li><strong>mwd </strong>– Mean wind direction for the spread event (˚)</li> <li><strong>sum_</strong>rain – Total precipitation during spread event including both natural rainfall and overhead sprinkler irrigation (mm)</li> </ul>
Fig. 2 in Biocontrol of citrus blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), by spraying Aschersonia sp. conidia collected from infected nymphs in Quintana Roo, Mexico
Fig. 2. (a) Epizootic caused by Aschersonia sp. on citrus blackfly nymphs afer conidia application on 30 ha in Jose Maria Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico (late Nov 2018); (b) presence of Aschersonia sp. on citrus blackfly nymphs (Sep to Nov 2020) without conidia application in Jose Maria Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Photographs provided by Cipriano Villarreal-Rizo.
Fig. 1 in Biocontrol of citrus blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), by spraying Aschersonia sp. conidia collected from infected nymphs in Quintana Roo, Mexico
Fig. 1. (a) Aschersonia sp. conidia application site, Jose Maria Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico; (b) selection of citrus blackfly nymphs infected with Aschersonia sp. from citrus leaves; (c) conidia extraction with a needle from infected nymphs; (d) conidia suspension; (e) selected citrus leaves with citrus blackfly nymphs uninfected with Aschersonia sp. for conidia application; (f) citrus blackfly nymph infection by Aschersonia sp. and mycelia development afer fungus application in 30 leaves infested with citrus blackfly nymphs in Jose Maria Morelos locality at 7 d afer application; (g) at about 55 d afer application. Photographs provided by Cipriano Villarreal-Rizo.
Conidia productivity and whitefly insecticidal activity of Beauveria bassiana JEF-507
<p>Silverleaf whitefly, <em>Bemisia tabaci</em> (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is a destructive insect pest damaging to diverse crops by vectoring several plant pathogenic viruses, which consequently causes economic losses in crop production. As the resistance of whiteflies to chemical insecticides is increasing, this study aims to investigate the potential of entomopathogenic fungi as an alternative. A total of 72 entomopathogenic fungal isolates, collected from soils using <em>Tenebrio molitor</em> larvae as an insect baiting method, were assessed for their virulence against 2<sup>nd</sup> nymphs of whitefly. Their virulence was assayed by dipping whitefly-infested tomato leaves in fungal conidia suspensions at 1.0 × 10<sup>7</sup> conidia/ml. Among the tested isolates, two isolates of <em>Beauveria bassiana</em> JEF-462 and JEF-507 showed high virulence. In the assessment of virulence depending on conidia concentrations, the estimated LC<sub>50</sub> values for JEF-462 and JEF-507 were similarly 8.7~14.0 × 10<sup>7</sup> conidia/ml. However, <em>B. bassiana</em> JEF-507 showed higher conidial productivity and thermotolerance on most of tested 12 grain substrates than<em> </em><em>B. bassiana</em> JEF-462, and millet was the most suitable grain substrate. Additionally, siloxane as a surfactant was able to sufficiently exhibit the insecticidal activity of JEF-507 against whitefly nymphs compared to other surfactants. In a pot-based greenhouse trial, JEF-507 showed higher control efficacy than chemical insecticides, dinotefuran and spinetoram. This work suggests that <em>B. bassiana</em> JEF-507 could be competitively used as a biopesticide to control silverleaf whiteflies whilst overcoming current resistance issues. The JEF-507 isolate has been registered in Korea, 2022 and successfully commercialized as the name of Chongchae-Stop<sup>®</sup> in this local market to control whitefly and thrips.</p>
Cold atmospheric plasma improves antifungal responsiveness of Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium keratoplasticum conidia and mycelia
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Conidia productivity and whitefly insecticidal activity of Beauveria bassiana JEF-507
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FIGURE. Conlarium sichuanense (HKAS 113024, holotype) a–c Colonies on dead branches. d–k Conidiogenous cells and conidia. l Germinated conidium. m, n Colony on PDA from surface and reverse. Scale bars: d-k = 10 μm, l = 20 μm. in Conlarium sichuanense sp. nov., on Ficus virens from Sichuan Province, China
FIGURE. Conlarium sichuanense (HKAS 113024, holotype) a–c Colonies on dead branches. d–k Conidiogenous cells and conidia. l Germinated conidium. m, n Colony on PDA from surface and reverse. Scale bars: d-k = 10 μm, l = 20 μm.
Colour illustrations. Flowers, fruits, leaves and seeds of Musa itinerans (background photo by D.T. Vu); from top to bottom and left to right: colony on PDA after 14 d at 24 °C in darkness (left = obverse,right = reverse), sporodochia formed on CLA, aerial conidiophore, aerial conidiogenous cells, aerial conidia, sporodochial conidia. Scale bars: black = 20 µm, white = 10 µm. in Fusarium chuoi R. Hill, Gaya, D.T. Vu, Sand.-Den. & Crous, R. Hill, Gaya, D.T. Vu, Sand.-Den. & Crous sp. nov.
Colour illustrations. Flowers, fruits, leaves and seeds of Musa itinerans (background photo by D.T. Vu); from top to bottom and left to right: colony on PDA after 14 d at 24 °C in darkness (left = obverse,right = reverse), sporodochia formed on CLA, aerial conidiophore, aerial conidiogenous cells, aerial conidia, sporodochial conidia. Scale bars: black = 20 µm, white = 10 µm.
FIGURE. Chrysosporium multiforme (holotype). A. Conidiogenous structures. B. Intercalary conidia. C. Conidia. D–E. Colony (front and reverse) on PDA. Bars: A–C = 20 μm, D–E = 10 mm. in Morphological and phylogenetic characterisations reveal nine new species of Chrysosporium (Onygenaceae, Onygenales) in China
FIGURE. Chrysosporium multiforme (holotype). A. Conidiogenous structures. B. Intercalary conidia. C. Conidia. D–E. Colony (front and reverse) on PDA. Bars: A–C = 20 μm, D–E = 10 mm.
FIGURE. Chrysosporium kaiyangense (holotype). A–C. Conidiogenous structures. D. Conidia. E. Colony on PDA media. Bars: A–D = 10 μm, E = 10 mm. in Morphological and phylogenetic characterisations reveal nine new species of Chrysosporium (Onygenaceae, Onygenales) in China
FIGURE. Chrysosporium kaiyangense (holotype). A–C. Conidiogenous structures. D. Conidia. E. Colony on PDA media. Bars: A–D = 10 μm, E = 10 mm.
FIGURE. Chrysosporium jiangsuense (holotype). A. Conidiogenous structures. B. Conidia. C–D. Colonies (front and reverse) on PDA. Bars: A–B = 20 μm; C–D = 10 mm. in Morphological and phylogenetic characterisations reveal nine new species of Chrysosporium (Onygenaceae, Onygenales) in China
FIGURE. Chrysosporium jiangsuense (holotype). A. Conidiogenous structures. B. Conidia. C–D. Colonies (front and reverse) on PDA. Bars: A–B = 20 μm; C–D = 10 mm.
FIGURE. Chrysosporium irregularum (holotype). A. Conidiogenous structures. B. Intercalary conidia. C. Conidia. D–E. Colonies (front and reverse) on PDA. Bars: A–C = 20 μm, D–E= 10 mm. in Morphological and phylogenetic characterisations reveal nine new species of Chrysosporium (Onygenaceae, Onygenales) in China
FIGURE. Chrysosporium irregularum (holotype). A. Conidiogenous structures. B. Intercalary conidia. C. Conidia. D–E. Colonies (front and reverse) on PDA. Bars: A–C = 20 μm, D–E= 10 mm.
FIGURE. Chrysosporium guangxiense (holotype). A. Conidiogenous structures. B. Racquet hyphae. C. Intercalary conidia. D–E. Colonies (front and reverse) on PDA. Bars: A–C = 20 μm, D–E = 10 mm. in Morphological and phylogenetic characterisations reveal nine new species of Chrysosporium (Onygenaceae, Onygenales) in China
FIGURE. Chrysosporium guangxiense (holotype). A. Conidiogenous structures. B. Racquet hyphae. C. Intercalary conidia. D–E. Colonies (front and reverse) on PDA. Bars: A–C = 20 μm, D–E = 10 mm.
FIGURE. Chrysosporium gansuense (holotype). A–B. Conidiogenous structures. C. Conidia. D–E. Colonies (front and reverse) on PDA media. Bars A–C = 10 μm, D–E = 10 mm. in Morphological and phylogenetic characterisations reveal nine new species of Chrysosporium (Onygenaceae, Onygenales) in China
FIGURE. Chrysosporium gansuense (holotype). A–B. Conidiogenous structures. C. Conidia. D–E. Colonies (front and reverse) on PDA media. Bars A–C = 10 μm, D–E = 10 mm.
FIGURE. Chrysosporium sichuanense (holotype). A. Conidiogenous structures. B. Arthroconidia. C. Racquet hyphae. D. Conidia. E–F. Colony (front and reverse) on PDA. Bars: A–D = 20 μm, E–F = 10 mm. in Morphological and phylogenetic characterisations reveal nine new species of Chrysosporium (Onygenaceae, Onygenales) in China
FIGURE. Chrysosporium sichuanense (holotype). A. Conidiogenous structures. B. Arthroconidia. C. Racquet hyphae. D. Conidia. E–F. Colony (front and reverse) on PDA. Bars: A–D = 20 μm, E–F = 10 mm.
FIGURE. Cladosporium benschii (VIC 44412, holotype). A–D. Colonies on A. Potato dextrose agar; B. Malt extract agar; C. Oatmeal agar; D. Synthetic nutrient-poor agar, after 14 days at 25 ºC, under near-ultraviolet light, respectively. E–J. Non-geniculate macronematous conidiophores and conidia. K. Conidiogenous cells with slightly protuberant loci. L. Micronematous conidiophores. M. Microcyclic conidiogenesis. Scale bars: E–M = 20 µM. in Six new species of Cladosporium associated with decayed leaves of native bamboo (Bambusoideae) in a fragment of Brazilian Atlantic Forest
FIGURE. Cladosporium benschii (VIC 44412, holotype). A–D. Colonies on A. Potato dextrose agar; B. Malt extract agar; C. Oatmeal agar; D. Synthetic nutrient-poor agar, after 14 days at 25 ºC, under near-ultraviolet light, respectively. E–J. Non-geniculate macronematous conidiophores and conidia. K. Conidiogenous cells with slightly protuberant loci. L. Micronematous conidiophores. M. Microcyclic conidiogenesis. Scale bars: E–M = 20 µM.
FIGURE. Cladosporium bambusicola (VIC 44237, holotype). A–D. Colonies on A. Potato dextrose agar; B. Malt extract agar; C. Oatmeal agar; D. Synthetic nutrient-poor agar, after 14 days at 25 ºC, under near-ultraviolet light, respectively. E–F. Conidiophore and bigger conidia. G–H. Conidiophores and smaller conidia. I. Stromatic hyphal aggregation. J–K. Micronematous conidiophores. L. Ramoconidia and conidia. M. Microcyclic conidiogenesis. Scale bars: E = 50 µM; F–M = 20 µM. in Six new species of Cladosporium associated with decayed leaves of native bamboo (Bambusoideae) in a fragment of Brazilian Atlantic Forest
FIGURE. Cladosporium bambusicola (VIC 44237, holotype). A–D. Colonies on A. Potato dextrose agar; B. Malt extract agar; C. Oatmeal agar; D. Synthetic nutrient-poor agar, after 14 days at 25 ºC, under near-ultraviolet light, respectively. E–F. Conidiophore and bigger conidia. G–H. Conidiophores and smaller conidia. I. Stromatic hyphal aggregation. J–K. Micronematous conidiophores. L. Ramoconidia and conidia. M. Microcyclic conidiogenesis. Scale bars: E = 50 µM; F–M = 20 µM.
FIGURE. Cladosporium aulonemiae (VIC 44413, holotype). A–D. Colonies on A. Potato dextrose agar; B. Malt extract agar; C. Oatmeal agar; D. Synthetic nutrient-poor agar, after 14 days at 25 ºC, under near-ultraviolet light, respectively. E–G. Macronematous conidiophores and numerous conidia; H–I. Formation of loci in close succession; I. Spread polysaccharide-like material; J. Micronematous conidiophores; K. Ramoconidia and conidia; L. Microcyclic conidiogenesis; M. Stromatic hyphal aggregation. Scale bars: E–M = 20 µM. in Six new species of Cladosporium associated with decayed leaves of native bamboo (Bambusoideae) in a fragment of Brazilian Atlantic Forest
FIGURE. Cladosporium aulonemiae (VIC 44413, holotype). A–D. Colonies on A. Potato dextrose agar; B. Malt extract agar; C. Oatmeal agar; D. Synthetic nutrient-poor agar, after 14 days at 25 ºC, under near-ultraviolet light, respectively. E–G. Macronematous conidiophores and numerous conidia; H–I. Formation of loci in close succession; I. Spread polysaccharide-like material; J. Micronematous conidiophores; K. Ramoconidia and conidia; L. Microcyclic conidiogenesis; M. Stromatic hyphal aggregation. Scale bars: E–M = 20 µM.
FIGURE. Dothiorella viticola on dead branch of Morus sp. (MFLU 19-0621). a, b. Conidiomata on host substrate. c. Vertical section through conidioma. d. Ostiole. e. Peridium of conidioma. f–j. Conidia attached to conidiogenous cells. k–m. Conidia. n. Germinating conidium. o, p. Colony on PDA (o upper, p lower). Scale bars: a = 1 mm, b = 100 μm, c = 50 μm, d = 20 μm, e–n = 10 μm. in Two new species of Botryosphaeriaceae (Botryosphaeriales) and new host/ geographical records
FIGURE. Dothiorella viticola on dead branch of Morus sp. (MFLU 19-0621). a, b. Conidiomata on host substrate. c. Vertical section through conidioma. d. Ostiole. e. Peridium of conidioma. f–j. Conidia attached to conidiogenous cells. k–m. Conidia. n. Germinating conidium. o, p. Colony on PDA (o upper, p lower). Scale bars: a = 1 mm, b = 100 μm, c = 50 μm, d = 20 μm, e–n = 10 μm.
Figure 1 Symptoms seen on peanut leaves inoculated with P. arachidicola conidia suspensions.
<p><strong><span>Figure 1</span></strong><span> Symptoms seen on peanut leaves inoculated with <em>P. arachidicola</em> conidia suspensions. The selected peanut leaves were spray inoculated with <em>P. arachidicola</em> conidia suspensions and their phenotypes were observed at 0, 7, 14, and 21dpi.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Figure 2 </span></strong><span>Gene characterization and analysis for differential expressed genes. (A). Venn dialog of expressed genes from genome analysis. Venn diagrams depict the numbers of expressed genes in peanut leaves that were infected by <em>P. arachidicola </em>at 7 (JZ7), 14 (JZ14), 21(JZ21) dpi. The numbers indicate the counts of common or unique expressed genes. (B). Heatmap of DEGs (differentially expressed genes). Red spots mean up-regulated genes; blue indicates down-regulated genes. Blue spots indicate down-DEGs, Red spots indicate up-DEGs. In the red-blue scale, darker red colors indicate the most upregulated and the darker blue the most downregulated genes. (C). Go analysis for gene functional classifcation shows the number of genes involved in the biological process, cellular component and molecular function, respectively. (D). KEGG pathway enrichments of DEGs. The panel shows 20 enriched KEGG terms for DEGs responding to <em>P. arachidicola </em>infection. The legend is shown on the picture.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Figure 3</span></strong><span> Analysis of IFS protein function (A). Functional domains, phylogenetic analysis, and multiple sequence alignment of the two AhIFS proteins. (B). Functional domain schematic for the AhIFS proteins. The predicted functional domains (http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/) indicated that both proteins contained P450 domains. (C).Phylogenetic tree analysis of the AhIFS orthologs. Close orthologs from <em>Arachis hypogaea</em> and other plants, including MpIFS1 (<em>Mucuna pruriens</em>, RDX63227.1), PsIFS1 (<em>Pisum sativum</em>, AAQ10282.2), GmIFS1 (<em>Glycine max</em>, NP_001236022.1), and GsIFS1 (<em>Glycine soja</em>, ACA81484.1), were used for IFS protein sequence alignment. An amino acid identity of 100% is indicated by a black background; amino acids with conservation exceeding 50% are in black on a gray background; and similar amino acids are in white on a gray background.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Figure 4 </span></strong><span>(A).The flavonoids and isoflavones biosynthesis pathways. Enzymes are indicated in uppercase letters. PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; C4H, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; 4CL, 4-coumarate: CoA ligase; CHS, chalcone synthase; CHI, chalcone isomerase; IFS, isoflavone synthase; The expression of IFS genes refers to the expression of genes at three infection time points(7,14,21day) in the transcriptome. (B, C).Transcriptional expression of AhIFS genes at the infection stage. The y- and x-axes represent the relative expression levels and time course for <em>P. arachidicola</em> infection, respectively. Mean values and standard deviations (SDs) were obtained from three biological and three technical replicates. Error bars are SDs; time points are 0, 7, 14, and 21hpi; and asterisks indicate that the expression level was significantly different from the control (*P< 0.05, **P< 0.01).</span></p> <p><strong><span>Figure 5</span></strong><span> Overexpression of AhIFSs boosts resistance of <em>N. benthamiana </em>to <em>P. parasitica</em>. (A). Representative photographs of <em>N. benthamiana </em>leaves under infection. The constructs, pBINPLUS:AhIFSs and pBINPLUS:GFP, were transiently expressed in <em>N. benthamiana </em>leaves. (A). tumefaciens-mediated transient expression of CK (right) and AhIFSs (left) fusion proteins in <em>N. benthamiana </em>leaves. The infiltrated leaves (after 48 h) were inoculated with <em>P. parasitica </em>zoospores, and photographed at 36 hpi and48 hpi, respectively. (B). Lesion diameters (mm) of <em>N. benthamiana </em>leaves. The data was calculated from three independent biological replicates using at least eight leaves each (** P < 0.01 compared with GFP; Dunnett’s test).</span></p> <p><strong><span>Figure 6</span></strong><span> Position of target sites on the <em>AhIFS1</em> and <em>AhIFS2</em> genes, and identifcation of the mutant lines produced using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. (A). CRISPR/Cas9 sgRNA-1 and sgRNA-2 target the first exon of <em>AhIFS1</em> and <em>AhIFS2</em> genes.<span> </span>The ATTG is the initial recognition motif</span><span>,</span><span>and the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) is underlined in red. Gray boxes, blue boxes and black lines indicate UTRs, exons and introns, respectively. (B). The edited sequences at the target site are shown in HY23 and mutation lines. The blue nucleotides indicate SNP in the mutant <em>ahifs1-5/16</em>, <em>ahifs2-5/11</em></span><span>,</span><em><span>ahifs2-26</span></em><span> and the blue ‘-’ indicates the deletions between HY23 and mutant ahifs1-21. The target sequence is shown by the red underline, and nucleotides marked in red represent PAM. (C). Relative expression of <em>AHIFS</em> genes in the mutant. (D). Knockout of AhIFSs genes reduce its disease resistance. The symptoms of peanut mutant leaves inoculated with <em>P. arachidicola </em>conidia suspensions. The detached leaves of peanut were sprayed inoculation with <em>P. arachidicola </em>conidia suspensions and phenotypes were observed at 14 dpi.</span></p>
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