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13 results for “conservation biological control”
Fig. 3 in Laboratory evaluations of the foraging success of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on flowers and extrafloral nectaries: potential use of nectar plants for conservation biological control of Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae)
Fig. 3. Choice of cups with either unscented sucrose solution or with bananascented sucrose solution made by Tamarixia radiata following a pre-test exposure to either 1.0 M sucrose solution or 1.0 M sucrose solution and banana flavor extract (G-test; ** = P ≤ 0.01; NS = not significant).
Fig. 1 in Laboratory evaluations of the foraging success of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on flowers and extrafloral nectaries: potential use of nectar plants for conservation biological control of Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae)
Fig. 1. Diagrammatic representation of nectary architectures presented to Tamarixia radiata in foraging evaluations. Location of nectaries shown in red. A. Cy- athium of euphorbiaceous species with exposed nectaries. B. Partially exposed nectaries as found in buckwheat. C. Partially hidden nectaries as found in alyssum. D. Partially exposed nectaries covered with trichomes as found in marjoram. E. Hidden nectaries as found in composites. Drawings are only indicative of size and spatial relationships and are not to scale.
Fig. 2 in Laboratory evaluations of the foraging success of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on flowers and extrafloral nectaries: potential use of nectar plants for conservation biological control of Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae)
Fig. 2. Mean (± SE) feeding time of Tamarixia radiata when presented with different concentrations of sugars commonly occurring in nectar (sucrose, fructose, glucose) and honeydew (melizitose, raffinose). Bars within the same concentration having different letters are different at P ≤ 0.05 (ANOVA).
Augmentation and conservation biological control of Tetranychus urticae on hops in Ohio
<p class="MsoNormal"></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The twospotted spider mite, <em>Tetranychus urticae </em>Koch<em> </em>(Acari: Tetranychidae),<em> </em>is a key pest on hops grown in the Midwestern USA, where hop production is a new industry, and little research has been done on the management of <em>T. urticae</em>.<span> </span>In 2016 and 2017, we conducted an experiment to determine the efficacy of augmentative biological control of <em>T. urticae</em> populations on the cultivar 'Cascade' at four hop yards. <span> </span>In both years, treatments compared <em>Neoseiulus fallacis</em> Garman (Acari: Phytoseiidae), released at a high rate and a low rate, and an untreated control, with eight replicates in 2016 and 17 replicates in 2017. <span> </span>Additional treatments in 2016 evaluated <em>Galendromus</em> <em>occidentalis </em>Nesbitt<em> </em>(Acari: Phytoseiidae) released at a high and a low rate. The target low rate in both years was one predator per ten <em>T. urticae</em>. The target high rate was one predator per five <em>T. urticae</em> in 2016, and one predator per two <em>T. urticae</em> in 2017. <span> </span>When weekly monitoring showed that the population reached an action threshold of one <em>T. urticae</em> per ten leaves, predatory mites were released. <span> </span>If the <em>T. urticae</em> population continued to increase, a second release was made. <span> </span>By the time of harvest, the cumulative number of mite-days for <em>T. urticae</em> did not differ significantly among treatments in either year.<span> </span>Hop yields showed a significant treatment effect in 2016, with higher yield where the high rate of <em>G. occidentalis</em> was released than in other treatments, but yields did not show any significant treatment effect in 2017.<span> </span>In 2017, we also conducted an exclusion experiment at four hop yards in Ohio, to determine the services provided by predators already present in hop yards, as well as the ability of the combination of predatory mites, <em>N. fallacis</em> and <em>Neoseiulus californicus </em><span>McGregor</span><em> </em>(Acari: Phytoseiidae), to suppress <em>T. urticae </em>by augmentative releases at three different predator to prey ratios: zero to ten, one to ten, and two to ten.<span> </span>Samples were paired; one leaf was covered with a fine mesh bag and one leaf was left uncovered, in each of 50 replicates.<span> </span>After two weeks, the average number of <em>T. urticae</em> motiles on the open leaves that received zero phytoseiids was significantly less than the starting number of ten, suggesting that ambient predation is capable of suppressing <em>T. urticae</em> populations.<span> </span>The average number of <em>T. urticae</em> motiles on the enclosed leaves that received two phytoseiids was also significantly less than the starting number of ten, while the average number of <em>T. urticae</em> motiles on the enclosed leaf that received one phytoseiid was not, showing that a ratio of one phytoseiid to five <em>T. urticae</em> is effective at reducing <em>T. urticae</em> populations.<span> </span>Our experiments showed that when <em>T. urticae </em><span>is </span>found at low to moderate densities, naturally occurring predators are able to suppress their populations in Ohio hop yards.<span> </span>Augmentation using phytoseiid mites did not have a consistent beneficial effect on yields.<span> </span>Given that naturally occurring predators are important in the suppression of <em>T. urticae</em> populations, future studies thus might concentrate on conservation biological control.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: The interplay of intercropping, wildflower strips and weeds in conservation biological control and productivity
<p>Diversifying agroecosystems is instrumental to reduce pesticide use in agriculture. While different diversification practices have the potential to reduce pests, their integration at the agroecosystem level and the evaluation of their multifunctional effects remain limited. Through a two-year field experiment conducted in Germany, we tested whether associating intercropping (faba bean-wheat, followed by breadseed poppy-barley) with pluriannual wildflower strips strengthens the biological regulation of aphid pests and weeds, and enhances cropping system productivity. The contribution of flowering weeds to conservation biological control was also analysed. Aphid colonization rates, but also predator colonization and predation rates, on bean and poppy were consistently lower in intercropping compared to sole cropping. Associating wildflower strips to intercropping enhanced aphid predation in bean-wheat intercropping, and further reduced aphid colonization at 10 m distance from the flower strip but not at 20 m in poppy-barley intercropping. Weed biomass was strongly reduced in intercropping compared to sole crop bean and poppy, and did not significantly affect bean and poppy yields in intercropping. The cover of one flowering weed species, <em>Matricaria recutita</em>, was negatively correlated to aphid colonization rate and positively correlated to predation rate in bean-wheat intercropping. In poppy-barley intercropping, <em>M. recutita</em> flowers were visited more often by predatory hoverflies in plots adjacent to wildflower strips. Finally, land equivalent ratio, measuring land-use efficiency, was consistently higher than 1, and the highest in bean-wheat intercropping associated to wildflower strips. The study shows that intercropping is key to control multiple pests and enhance land-use efficiency, and demonstrates that associating wildflower strips to intercropping can strengthen biological control and cropping system productivity. Flowering weeds, maintained at an acceptable level through intercropping, turn out to be relevant functional biodiversity in interacting with wildflower strips to support natural enemies for conservation biological control.</p>
Augmentation and conservation biological control of Tetranychus urticae on hops in Ohio
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Data from: The interplay of intercropping, wildflower strips and weeds in conservation biological control and productivity
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Data from: Varying the spatial arrangement of synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles and companion plants to improve conservation biological control
1.Conservation biological control aims to control pests by promoting wild populations of natural enemies. One challenge is to attract and retain efficient natural enemies in crop fields, which often are a suboptimal environment. Towards this goal, the attract-and-reward strategy relies on combining attractive synthetically produced herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) with companion plants (non-crop plants which provide alternative resources to the targeted natural enemies). Although severely overlooked, the spatial arrangement of HIPV dispensers and rewards inside crop fields may strongly influence the foraging behaviour and persistence of natural enemies and thus the success of this pest management strategy. 2.We tested the impact of two contrasting spatial arrangements of HIPV dispensers and rewards, alternatively inside and around a block of target apple trees, on the efficacy of the biological control of Aphis citricola populations by the common predatory ladybird Propylea japonica in apple orchards in northern China. We used synthetic methyl salicylate (MeSA) as an attractant and the companion plant Calendula officinalis as a reward. To better understand how the spatial arrangement of MeSA dispensers and companion plants affected the attraction and foraging behaviour of adult ladybirds, we conducted indoor experiments in a flight mill, an olfactometer and a wind-tunnel. 3.Blocks of target trees treated with MeSA dispensers inside and companion plants around provided the most efficient pest control in orchards, compared with the opposite spatial arrangement. 4.The synthetic MeSA dispenser and the companion plant synergistically attracted ladybirds in the olfactometer and enhanced their flight activity in the flight mill. In the wind-tunnel, MeSA served as a spatial cue for ladybirds to find nearby prey, while companion plants were sought in the absence of prey. 5.Synthesis and applications. The present study will help further improvements of aphid control in apple orchards through a careful spatial arrangement of herbivore-induced plant volatiles dispensers (HIPVs) and rewards (companion plants) in optimized attract-and-reward strategies. Without such assessment, these strategies may be hazardous even with well-identified targeted natural enemies. Associated lab experiments highlight that HIPVs and companion plants interactively influence ladybird foraging pattern, and that their spatial arrangement can modulate the ability of such key predators to find their prey.
Aphid conservation biological control in arable crops via flower strips: the predominant role of plant resources over diversity effects
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Data from: Varying the spatial arrangement of synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles and companion plants to improve conservation biological control
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Data from: Experimental evidence that the effectiveness of conservation biological control depends on landscape complexity
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Data from: Conservation tillage mitigates the negative effect of landscape simplification on biological control
Biological pest control is a key ecosystem service, and it depends on multiple factors acting from the local to the landscape scale. However, the effects of soil management on biological control and its potential interaction with landscape are still poorly understood. In a field exclusion experiment, we explored the relative effect of tillage system (conservation vs. conventional tillage) on aphid biological control in 15 pairs of winter cereal fields (barley and wheat) selected along a gradient of landscape complexity. We sampled the abundance of the main natural enemy guilds, and we evaluated their relative contribution to aphid predation and parasitism. Conservation tillage was found to support more abundant predator communities and higher aphid predation (16% higher than in the fields managed under conventional tillage). In particular, both the abundance and the aphid predation of vegetation- and ground-dwelling arthropods were increased under conservation tillage conditions. Conservation tillage also increased the parasitism rate of aphids. A high proportion of semi-natural habitats in the landscape enhanced both aphid parasitism and predation by vegetation-dwelling organisms but only in the fields managed under conventional tillage. The better local habitat quality provided by conservation tillage may compensate for a low-quality landscape. Synthesis and applications. Our study stresses the importance of considering both soil management and landscape composition when planning strategies to maximize biological control services in agro-ecosystems, highlighting the role played by conservation tillage in supporting natural enemy communities. In simple landscapes, the adoption of conservation tillage will locally improve biological control provided by both predators and parasitoids mitigating the negative effects of landscape simplification. Moreover, considering the small scale at which both predation and parasitism responded to landscape composition, a successful strategy to improve biological control would be to establish a fine mosaic of crop and non-crop areas such as hedgerows, tree lines and small semi-natural habitat patches.
Data from: Conservation tillage mitigates the negative effect of landscape simplification on biological control
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