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188 results for “conspicuousness”
Data from: Exploring polymorphism in a palatable prey: Predation risk and frequency-dependence in relation to distinct levels of conspicuousness
<p>Camouflage and warning signals are different anti-predator strategies, which offer an excellent opportunity to study the evolutionary forces acting on prey appearance. Edible prey often escape detection via camouflage, which usually leads to apostatic selection favoring rare morphs. By contrast, defended prey often display conspicuous coloration acting as warning signals to predators, which usually leads to positive frequency-dependence and signal uniformity. However, when two morphs of the same species vary greatly in conspicuousness, the maintenance of both cryptic and conspicuous forms in profitable prey populations remains enigmatic. Using the white and melanic morphs of the invasive box tree moth (<em>Cydalima perspectalis</em>) presented at three different frequencies, we investigate a) the palatability of caterpillars and adult moths to birds, b) predation rates on the less conspicuous melanic morph, and c) the role of frequency-dependence in balancing morph frequencies. Our results show that caterpillars are distasteful for birds but not adult moths, which are fully palatable. We found that the less conspicuous, melanic morph, benefits from reduced predation due to its lower detectability. The more conspicuous, white morph, instead, is more predated and is best off when common, suggesting positive-frequency dependence. These results offer new insights into the evolution of color polymorphism and prey defenses in a polymorphic moth species. Further investigation is required to understand the role of different predation regimes on the maintenance of the polymorphism in this species, and test if additional selection pressures operate in natural populations.</p>
Uncovering the effects of Müllerian mimicry on the evolution of conspicuousness in colour patterns
Variation in the conspicuousness of colour patterns is observed within and among defended prey species. The evolution of conspicuous colour pattern in defended species can be strongly impaired because of increased detectability by predators. Nevertheless, such evolution of the colour pattern can be favoured if changes in conspicuousness result in Müllerian mimicry with other defended prey. Here, we develop a model describing the population dynamics of a conspicuous defended prey species, and we assess the invasion conditions of derived phenotypes that differ from the ancestral phenotype by their conspicuousness. Such change in conspicuousness may then modify their level of mimicry with the local community of defended species. Derived colour pattern displayed in this focal population can therefore be either exactly similar, partially resembling or completely dissimilar to the local mimicry ring displaying the ancestral colour pattern. We assume that predation risk depends (1) on the number of individuals sharing a given colour pattern within the population, (2) on the occurrence of co-mimetic defended species, and (3) on the availability of alternative edible prey. Using a combination of analytical derivations and numerical simulations, we show that colour patterns that are less conspicuous than the ancestral one are generally favoured within mimicry rings, unless reduced conspicuousness impairs mimicry. By contrast, when a mutation affecting the colour pattern leads to a shift toward a better protected mimicry ring, a more conspicuous colour pattern can be favoured. The selected aposematic pattern then depends on the local communities of defended and edible prey, as well as on the detectability, memorability and level of mimicry of the colour patterns.
Fig. 6 in The first Arctic conspicuously coloured Pleusymtes (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Pleustidae) associated with sea anemones in the Barents Sea
Fig. 6. Photo in situ of the sea anemone Urticina eques (Gosse, 1858) with associated amphipods Pleusymtes actiniae sp. nov. from Dolgaya Bay, Barents Sea.
Fig. 5 in The first Arctic conspicuously coloured Pleusymtes (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Pleustidae) associated with sea anemones in the Barents Sea
Fig. 5. Pleusymtes actiniae sp. nov. a–d, f–m. Paratype, ♀ (ZMMU Mb-1224). e. Paratype, ♂ (ZMMU Mb-1223). a. Epimeral plate I. b. Epimeral plate II. c. Epimeral plate III. d–e. Telson. f. Pleopod II. g. Retinacula of pleopod I. h–i. Uropod I. j. Same, distal part of outer ramus. k. Uropod II. l. Uropod III. m. Distodorsal angular spine of peduncle of uropod III.
Fig. 1 in The first Arctic conspicuously coloured Pleusymtes (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Pleustidae) associated with sea anemones in the Barents Sea
Fig. 1. General view (habitus) of Pleusymtes actiniae sp. nov., holotype, ♀, from Dolgay Bay, Barents Sea (ZMMU Mb-1222).
Fig. 3 in The first Arctic conspicuously coloured Pleusymtes (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Pleustidae) associated with sea anemones in the Barents Sea
Fig. 3. Pleusymtes actiniae sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (ZMMU Mb-1223). a. Gnathopod I. b. Distoventral palmar margin of propodus (chela) of GnI. c. Gnathopod II. d. Distoventral palmar margin of propodus (chela) of GnII.
Fig. 4 in The first Arctic conspicuously coloured Pleusymtes (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Pleustidae) associated with sea anemones in the Barents Sea
Fig. 4. Pleusymtes actiniae sp. nov., paratype, ♀ (ZMMU Mb-1224). a. Pereopod III. b. Dactylus of PIII. c. Pereopod IV. d. Pereopod V. e. Dactylus of PV. f. Pereopod VI. g. Pereopod VII. h. Dactylus of PVII.
Fig. 2 in The first Arctic conspicuously coloured Pleusymtes (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Pleustidae) associated with sea anemones in the Barents Sea
Fig. 2. Pleusymtes actiniae sp. nov., paratype, ♀ (ZMMU Mb-1224). a. Antenna I. b. Antenna II. c. Labium (lower lip). d. Left mandible. e. Left lacinia mobilis. f. Maxilla I. g. Maxilla II. h. Maxilliped.
Text-fig. 12. Paramblypterus cf. rohani. Arrows indicate directio cranialis. a, b: photograph and drawing of four ridge scales in front of the dorsal fin base, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 80178, scale bars 5 mm; c: scale rows from the area between the pectoral and pelvic fins, outer surfaces of the scales bear fine ridges terminating as denticles on the posterior edge of the scales, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4916, scale bar 5 mm; d: isolated scale, from anterior area of the lateral side of the body, with denticulated posterior edge, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 30945, scale bar 2 mm; e: isolated scale from the pelvic area of the body, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 30945, scale bar 2 mm; f, g: drawing and photograph of the postcleithrum and the scales behind the pectoral girdle (the scales bear conspicuous ridges on their outer surface; well preserved large postcleithrum is without ridges.), locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4915, scale bars 5 mm. Abbreviations: Cl – cleithrum, Pcl – postcleithrum, Scl – supracleithrum. in Actinopterygians Of The Broumov Formation (Permian) In The Czech Part Of The Intra-Sudetic Basin (The Czech Republic)
Text-fig. 12. Paramblypterus cf. rohani. Arrows indicate directio cranialis. a, b: photograph and drawing of four ridge scales in front of the dorsal fin base, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 80178, scale bars 5 mm; c: scale rows from the area between the pectoral and pelvic fins, outer surfaces of the scales bear fine ridges terminating as denticles on the posterior edge of the scales, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4916, scale bar 5 mm; d: isolated scale, from anterior area of the lateral side of the body, with denticulated posterior edge, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 30945, scale bar 2 mm; e: isolated scale from the pelvic area of the body, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 30945, scale bar 2 mm; f, g: drawing and photograph of the postcleithrum and the scales behind the pectoral girdle (the scales bear conspicuous ridges on their outer surface; well preserved large postcleithrum is without ridges.), locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4915, scale bars 5 mm. Abbreviations: Cl – cleithrum, Pcl – postcleithrum, Scl – supracleithrum.
Text-fig. 2. Briveichthys chantepieorum gen. et sp. nov. a, b: whitened photograph and drawing of the skull, GMC 15, scale bars 5 mm; c: anterior part of the left and right frontal in dorsal view, a conspicuous concave anterior edge of the bones is demonstrated, GMC 18, whitened, scale bar 5 mm. Abbreviations: Clei – cleithrum, De – dentalosplenial, Dpt – dermopterotic, Dsph – dermosphenotic, Ext? – extrascapular?, Fr – frontal, Gul – lateral gular, Hy – hyomandibula, Mx – maxilla, Na – nasal, Pa – parietal, Pop – preoperculum, ppl – parietal pit lines, Pt – posttemporal, Rbr – branchiostegal rays, Scl – supracleithrum, soc – supraorbital canal, Sop – suboperculum, sr – sclerotic ring. in New Actinopterygians From The Permian Of The Brive Basin, And The Ichthyofaunas Of The French Massif Central
Text-fig. 2. Briveichthys chantepieorum gen. et sp. nov. a, b: whitened photograph and drawing of the skull, GMC 15, scale bars 5 mm; c: anterior part of the left and right frontal in dorsal view, a conspicuous concave anterior edge of the bones is demonstrated, GMC 18, whitened, scale bar 5 mm. Abbreviations: Clei – cleithrum, De – dentalosplenial, Dpt – dermopterotic, Dsph – dermosphenotic, Ext? – extrascapular?, Fr – frontal, Gul – lateral gular, Hy – hyomandibula, Mx – maxilla, Na – nasal, Pa – parietal, Pop – preoperculum, ppl – parietal pit lines, Pt – posttemporal, Rbr – branchiostegal rays, Scl – supracleithrum, soc – supraorbital canal, Sop – suboperculum, sr – sclerotic ring.
Figure 2 in Hyalosphenia papilio paynei subsp. nov. - a highly conspicuous and localized Sphagnum peatland testate amoeba
Figure 2. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction of Hyalosphenia papilio based on 153 unique COI gene sequences of H. papilio available from Genbank (in red) and the eight sequences of H. papilio subsp. paynei obtained during this study (in blue), with a focus on the lineage A as defined by Heger et al. (2013) and Singer et al. (2019). Lineages C to M were collapsed together with the outgroup composed of seven other species within the Hyalospheniidae. Bootstrap values of 30 and above are indicated next to their respective nodes. This portion of the tree is highly magnified and long branches can be caused by single nucleotide differences.
Figure 1 in Hyalosphenia papilio paynei subsp. nov. - a highly conspicuous and localized Sphagnum peatland testate amoeba
Figure 1. Pictures of four different specimens of Hyalosphenia papilio subsp. paynei, A–C with Light Microscopy (LM) corresponding to barcoded cells 2a4, 2b4, 2b5 respectively and D with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
Figure 4. A in A new species of Entomobrya (Collembola, Entomobryidae) from southwestern France exhibiting conspicuous sexual dimorphism
Figure 4. A comparison in macrochaetotaxy of ThII, AbdII and Abd III between E. schoetti and E. fourcesensis spec. nov.
Figs 1-3 in Thaumastotingis areolatus nov.gen., nov.sp. a conspicuous new Thaumastocoridae from Baltic Amber (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)
Figs 1-3: Holotype male of Thaumastotingis areolatus nov.gen., nov.sp.: (1) dorsal view, (2) ventral view; (3) terminal segments ventral view.
Figs. 4-6 in Thaumastotingis areolatus nov.gen., nov.sp. a conspicuous new Thaumastocoridae from Baltic Amber (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)
Figs. 4-6: Paratype female of Thaumastotingis areolatus nov.gen., nov.sp.: (4) dorsal view, (5) ventral view; (6) terminal segments ventral view.
Fig. 1 in Feabatrus gen. nov., a conspicuous new genus of Batrisitae from Myanmar and China (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)
Fig. 1. Morphology of Feabatrus gen. nov. A–C – head, dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C); D–F – prothorax, dorsal (D), lateral (E), and ventral (F); G – right elytron; H – apical half of elytron, lateral. Abbreviations: bef – basal elytral foveae, dc – discal carina, ds – discal stria, gc – gular carina, gf – gular fovea, hc – hypomeral carina, iblf – inner basolateral fovea, laf – lateral antebasal fovea, lls – lateral longitudinal sulcus, lpcf – lateral procoxal fovea, lpp – lateral postantennal pits, maf – median antebasal fovea, mbc – mediobasal carina, mls – median longitudinal sulcus, ms – marginal stria, oblf – outer basolateral fovea, omc – ocular-mandibular carina, vf – vertexal fovea. Scale bars: 0.2 mm in A–F; 0.25 mm in G, H.
Fig. 6 in Feabatrus gen. nov., a conspicuous new genus of Batrisitae from Myanmar and China (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)
Fig. 6. Morphology of female Feabatrus species, F. leonardoi sp. nov. (A–D), Feabatrus sp. (E–H). A, E – dorsal habitus; B, F – tergite 5 (VIII); C, G – sternite 6 (VIII); D, H – genital complex. Scale bars: 1.0 mm in A, E; 0.2 mm in B–D, F–H.
Fig. 2 in Feabatrus gen. nov., a conspicuous new genus of Batrisitae from Myanmar and China (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)
Fig. 2. Morphology of Feabatrus gen. nov. A – meso- and metaventrite; B–D – abdomen, lateral (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (D). Abbreviations: blf – basolateral fovea, lmcf – lateral mesocoxal fovea, lmsf – lateral mesoventral fovea, lmtf – lateral metaventral fovea, mbf – mediobasal fovea, mmsf – median mesoventral fovea, s1–5 – sternites 1–5 (III–VII), t1–4 – tergites 1–4 (IV–VII). Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Fig. 5 in Feabatrus gen. nov., a conspicuous new genus of Batrisitae from Myanmar and China (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)
Fig. 5. Morphology of Feabatrus leonardoi sp. nov., male. A – dorsal habitus; B – head and pronotum; C – mesotrochanter; D – mesotibia; E – metatrochanter; F, G – tergite 5 (VIII), dorsal (F), and lateral (G); H – sternite 6 (VIII); I – sternite 7 (IX); J–L – aedeagus, lateral (J), ventral (K) and dorsal (L). Scale bars: 1.0 mm in A; 0.5 mm in B; 0.2 mm in E–H; 0.1 mm in C, D, I–L.
Fig. 4 in Feabatrus gen. nov., a conspicuous new genus of Batrisitae from Myanmar and China (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)
Fig. 4. Morphology of Feabatrus myanmarensis sp. nov., male (A), female (B–F). A, C – lateral habitus; B – dorsal habitus; D – tergite 5 (VIII); E – sternite 6 (VIII); F – genital complex. Scale bars: 1.0 mm in A, B, C; 0.2 mm in D, E; 0.1 mm in F.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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