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Operating diagram of hatching module, this module consists of two clearly separated sections, each consisting of two long tanks (2 × 0.2 × 0.2 m) designed to accommodate hatching boxes, a filtration tank and an independent water circulation pump with a cooling unit and UV sterilizer. This allows simultaneous monitoring of 16 batches of eggs. in Reproduction of Zingel asper (Linnaeus, 1758) in controlled conditions: an assessment of the experiences realized since 2005 at the Besançon Natural History Museum

Operating diagram of hatching module, this module consists of two clearly separated sections, each consisting of two long tanks (2 × 0.2 × 0.2 m) designed to accommodate hatching boxes, a filtration tank and an independent water circulation pump with a cooling unit and UV sterilizer. This allows simultaneous monitoring of 16 batches of eggs.

Operating diagram of hatching module in Zoug jars, this system consists of a 300-litre temperature-controlled isothermal enclosure containing 10 one-litre Zoug jars, each able to accommodate several hundred eggs. An ascending current holds the eggs in suspension and carries the larvae to the surface. Another bottle connected to this device collects the larvae. The water circulating in the jars is independent of that used in the filtration circuit. A cooling unit and UV sterilizer complete the installation. in Reproduction of Zingel asper (Linnaeus, 1758) in controlled conditions: an assessment of the experiences realized since 2005 at the Besançon Natural History Museum

Operating diagram of hatching module in Zoug jars, this system consists of a 300-litre temperature-controlled isothermal enclosure containing 10 one-litre Zoug jars, each able to accommodate several hundred eggs. An ascending current holds the eggs in suspension and carries the larvae to the surface. Another bottle connected to this device collects the larvae. The water circulating in the jars is independent of that used in the filtration circuit. A cooling unit and UV sterilizer complete the installation.

Operating diagram of IF incubator, two identical incubators were used for eggs that were already sorted. They are made up of an isothermal enclosure and contain three tiers (100 × 60 × 17 cm). The water circulating in each tier comes from the same filtration, cooling and sterilisation device. As a result, the eggs placed in the different tiers are subject to the same temperature regime. in Reproduction of Zingel asper (Linnaeus, 1758) in controlled conditions: an assessment of the experiences realized since 2005 at the Besançon Natural History Museum

Operating diagram of IF incubator, two identical incubators were used for eggs that were already sorted. They are made up of an isothermal enclosure and contain three tiers (100 × 60 × 17 cm). The water circulating in each tier comes from the same filtration, cooling and sterilisation device. As a result, the eggs placed in the different tiers are subject to the same temperature regime.

Operating diagram of DR1/DR2 double riffle; it consists of two independent sections (DR1 and DR2), each containing 630 litres of water and measuring 2.5 x 0.6 m. Each section contains a filtration system separate from the fish, a cooling unit and an ultraviolet sterilizer. An 80 W UQL lamp completes the lighting of the module lit during the day. in Reproduction of Zingel asper (Linnaeus, 1758) in controlled conditions: an assessment of the experiences realized since 2005 at the Besançon Natural History Museum

Operating diagram of DR1/DR2 double riffle; it consists of two independent sections (DR1 and DR2), each containing 630 litres of water and measuring 2.5 x 0.6 m. Each section contains a filtration system separate from the fish, a cooling unit and an ultraviolet sterilizer. An 80 W UQL lamp completes the lighting of the module lit during the day.

FIG. 16. — A-F, Chazydictya ornata n in A cool-water bryozoan association from the La Pola Formation (Sandbian, Ordovician) of Argentine Precordillera

FIG. 16. — A-F, Chazydictya ornata n. sp., holotype CEGH-UNC 27535 a: A, B, branch transverse thin section showing autozooecial chambers and mesotheca without rods; C, branch transverse thin section showing autozooecial walls with paurostyles; D, E, tangential thin section showing autozooecial apertures and paurostyles; branch transverse thin section showing autozooecial mesotheca without rods; G, Parachasmatopora sp. A, tangential section showing reticulate colony, CEGH-UNC 27526 a. Scale bars: A, G, 0.5 mm; B, D, 0.2 mm; C, E, F, 0.1 mm.

FIG. 15. — A-H, Pseudostictoporella simplex n in A cool-water bryozoan association from the La Pola Formation (Sandbian, Ordovician) of Argentine Precordillera

FIG. 15. — A-H, Pseudostictoporella simplex n. sp.: A-E, branch tangential section showing autozooecial chambers and apertures, holotype CEGH-UNC 27508 a; F, branch longitudinal thin section autozooecial chambers, paratype CEGH-UNC 27533 a; G, H, branch transverse thin section showing autozooecial chambers and mesotheca without rods, paratype CEGH-UNC 27533 d. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, C, 0.5 mm; D-H, 0.2 mm.

FIG. 17. — A-E in A cool-water bryozoan association from the La Pola Formation (Sandbian, Ordovician) of Argentine Precordillera

FIG. 17. — A-E, Parachasmatopora sp. A: A-C, tangential section showing branches with autozooecial apertures and chambers, CEGH-UNC 27526 a; D, branch transverse section showing autozooecial chambers and laminated skeleton, CEGH-UNC 27545 a; E, branch longitudinal section showing autozooecial chambers with diaphragms and laminated skeleton, CEGH-UNC 27545 b. Scale bars: A, D, E, 0.5 mm; B, C, 0.2 mm.

FIG. 13. — A-F, Nicholsonella spinigera n in A cool-water bryozoan association from the La Pola Formation (Sandbian, Ordovician) of Argentine Precordillera

FIG. 13. — A-F, Nicholsonella spinigera n. sp.: A, B, tangential thin section showing autozooecial apertures, mesozooecia, and acanthostyles, holotype CEGH- UNC 27528 c; C, longitudinal thin section showing autozooecial chambers with diaphragms, holotype CEGH-UNC 27528 b; D, E, branch transverse thin section showing autozooecial chambers with diaphragms and mesozooecia, paratype CEGH-UNC 27538 a; F, branch transverse thin section showing autozooecial chambers and acanthostyles in endozone, paratype CEGH-UNC 27538 a; G-I. Arthroclema sp. A: G, H, branch transverse thin section showing autozooecial chambers, CEGH-UNC 27520 d; I, branch oblique thin section, CEGH-UNC 27529 b. Scale bars: A, E, I, 0.5 mm; B, C, F, G, 0.2 mm; D, 1 mm; H, 0.1 mm.

FIG. 14. — A-C in A cool-water bryozoan association from the La Pola Formation (Sandbian, Ordovician) of Argentine Precordillera

FIG. 14. — A-C, Arthroclema sp. A: A, branch oblique thin section,CEGH-UNC 27530 e; B, C, tangential thin section showing autozooecial apertures and paurostyles, CEGH-UNC 27529 b; D-H, Trigonodictya elegans (Ulrich, 1893): D, E, tangential thin section showing autozooecial apertures, CEGH-UNC 27530 c; F-H, branch transverse thin section showing autozooecial chambers and mesotheca with rods, CEGH-UNC 27542 b. Scale bars: A, B, E, G, 0.5 mm; C, H, 0.2 mm; D, F, 1 mm.

FIG. 18 in A cool-water bryozoan association from the La Pola Formation (Sandbian, Ordovician) of Argentine Precordillera

FIG. 18. — Cluster diagram (A) and principal coordinate analysis (B) showing similarities between bryozoan faunas (genus level) of different areas during the Sandbian (updated data matrix from Buttler et al. 2013). The cluster analysis has been performed measuring the Jaccard similarity coefficient, using the Unweighted Pair Group Algorithm with Arithmetic Mean (PAST version 1.81, Hammer et al. 2001). The principal coordinate analysis was performed using Jaccard's coefficient for measurement of similarities, the minimal spanning tree is based on an Euclidean distance measure of the original data points. Abbreviations: Lpo, La Pola Formation; LA, Las Aguaditas Formation; LPL, Las Plantas Formation; NA, North America; Bal, Baltica; Bel, Belarus; Sib, Siberia.

FIG. 11. — A in A cool-water bryozoan association from the La Pola Formation (Sandbian, Ordovician) of Argentine Precordillera

FIG. 11. — A, Tarphophragma macrostoma (Loeblich, 1942), branch transverse thin section, CEGH-UNC 27539 a; B-E, Jordanopora heroensis Ross, 1963: B, C, oblique thin section trough the colony showing autozooecial chambers, CEGH-UNC 27530 f; D, E, tangential thin section showing autozooecial apertures, rare mesozooecia, and tubules in autozooecial walls, CEGH-UNC 27530 e; F, G, Argentinopora robusta n. gen., n. sp., holotype 27511 c, longitudinal section showing autozooecial chambers, mesozooecia, and acanthostyles. Scale bars: A, B, F, G, 1 mm; C, D, 0.5 mm; E, 0.2 mm.

FIG. 12. — A-F. Argentinopora robusta n. gen., n in A cool-water bryozoan association from the La Pola Formation (Sandbian, Ordovician) of Argentine Precordillera

FIG. 12. — A-F. Argentinopora robusta n. gen., n. sp.: A, B, longitudinal thin section showing autozooecial chambers with a cystiphragm, mesozooecia, acanthostyles, holotype CEGH-UNC 27511 a; C, tangential thin section showing autozooecial apertures, mesozooecia, and acanthostyles, holotype CEGH-UNC 27511 d; D, branch transverse section, paratype CEGH-UNC 27514 b; E, F, tangential thin section showing autozooecial apertures, mesozooecia, and acanthostyles, paratype CEGH-UNC 27514 c; G, H, Nicholsonella spinigera n. sp., branch longitudinal section showing autozooecial chambers with diaphragms, holotype CEGH-UNC 27528 c. Scale bars: A, D, G, 1 mm; B, F, 0.2 mm; C, E, H, 0.5 mm.

FIG. 10. — A-D in A cool-water bryozoan association from the La Pola Formation (Sandbian, Ordovician) of Argentine Precordillera

FIG. 10. — A-D, Diplotrypa sp. A, CEGH-UNC 27543 a: A, B, longitudinal section showing autozooecial chambers with diaphragms and mesozooecia; C, D, tangential thin section showing autozooecial apertures and mesozooecia; E-G, Tarphophragma macrostoma (Loeblich, 1942), CEGH-UNC 27520 d: E, oblique section through the colony; F, longitudinal section showing autozooecial chambers and mesozooecia; G, tangential thin section showing autozooecial apertures and mesozooecia. Scale bars: A, E, 1 mm; B, C, F, G, 0.5 mm; D, 0.2 mm.

FIG. 9. — A-F, Albardonia bifoliata n. gen., n in A cool-water bryozoan association from the La Pola Formation (Sandbian, Ordovician) of Argentine Precordillera

FIG. 9. — A-F, Albardonia bifoliata n. gen., n. sp.: A, B, tangential thin section showing autozooecial apertures, mesozooecia, and aktinotostyles, holotype CEGH-UNC 27538 c; C, D, longitudinal section showing autozooecial chambers with diaphragms and mesozooecia, paratype CEGH-UNC 27530 a; E, F, branch transverse thin section showing autozooecial chambers with diaphragms, mesozooecia, and mesotheca, paratype CEGH-UNC 27541 a; G, Diplotrypa sp. A, CEGH-UNC 27543 a, oblique thin section through the colony. Scale bars: A, C, E, 0.5 mm; B, D, 0.2 mm; F, 0.1 mm; G, 2 mm.

FIG. 1 in A cool-water bryozoan association from the La Pola Formation (Sandbian, Ordovician) of Argentine Precordillera

FIG. 1. — Geologic map of the study area showing the location of the La Pola creek and the fossiliferous locality in the Villicum range, San Juan Province, Argentina.

FIG. 5. — A-E, Xenotrypa argentinensis n in A cool-water bryozoan association from the La Pola Formation (Sandbian, Ordovician) of Argentine Precordillera

FIG. 5. — A-E, Xenotrypa argentinensis n. sp.: A, longitudinal thin section, showing autozooecia with diaphragms and vesicles, holotype CEGH-UNC 27523 b; B, C, tangential thin section showing autozooecial apertures, acanthostyles, and vesicles, holotype CEGH-UNC 27523 a; D, E, tangential thin section showing autozooecial apertures, acanthostyles, and vesicles, paratype CEGH-UNC 27521 a; F, G, Dianulites rocklandensis Wilson, 1921, longitudinal thin section, CEGH- UNC 27503 c. Scale bars: A, B, E, G, 0.5 mm; C, 0.2 mm; D, F, 1 mm.

FIG. 7. — A-C in A cool-water bryozoan association from the La Pola Formation (Sandbian, Ordovician) of Argentine Precordillera

FIG. 7. — A-C, Homotrypa subramosa Ulrich, 1886, CEGH-UNC 27537 b: A, B, longitudinal thin section showing autozooecial chambers with cystiphragms; C, tangential thin section showing autozooecial apertures, mesozooecia, and acanthostyles; D-I, Homotrypa vacua McKinney, 1971: D, E, branch longitudinal thin section showing autozooecial chambers with cystiphragms, CEGH-UNC 27545 a; G, H, tangential thin section showing autozooecial apertures, mesozooecia, and acanthostyles, CEGH-UNC 27545 a; I, branch transverse section, CEGH-UNC 27507 b. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, I, 1 mm; B, C, F, H, 0.5 mm.

FIG. 4. — A-E in A cool-water bryozoan association from the La Pola Formation (Sandbian, Ordovician) of Argentine Precordillera

FIG. 4. — A-E, Lunaferamita virginiensis Utgaard, 1981: A, longitudinal thin section of a colony, CEGH-UNC 27524 a; B, C, longitudinal section of exozone showing autozooecia with diaphragms and vesicles, CEGH-UNC 27513 c; D, tangential thin section showing macula, autozooecial apertures and acanthostyles (arrows), CEGH-UNC 27513 b; F, G, Xenotrypa argentinensis n. sp., longitudinal thin section, holotype CEGH-UNC 27523 b. Scale bars: A, F, 5 mm; B, D, 0.5 mm; C, E, 0.2 mm; G, 1 mm.

FIG. 8. — A-F, Heterotrypa enodis n in A cool-water bryozoan association from the La Pola Formation (Sandbian, Ordovician) of Argentine Precordillera

FIG. 8. — A-F, Heterotrypa enodis n. sp.: A-C, branch transverse section showing autozooecial chambers and mesozooecia, holotype CEGH-UNC 27504 b; D, branch longitudinal section showing autozooecial chambers with diaphragms and mesozooecia, CEGH-UNC 27504 a; E, F, tangential thin section showing autozooecial apertures, mesozooecia, and acanthostyles, CEGH-UNC 27504 c; G, H, Albardonia bifoliata n. gen., n. sp., oblique thin section through the bifoliate colony, holotype CEGH-UNC 27538 c. Scale bars: A, B, D, E, G, H, 1 mm; C, F, 0.2 mm.