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12 results for “coprophagy”
Figure 2 in Coprophagy in detritivores: methodological design for feeding studies in terrestrial isopods (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea)
Figure 2. Consumption rates of three different isopod species with two different food sources in three different treatments (access, removal and net). The values are mean ± SE and the numbers on top indicate the sample for each index
Figure 1. Experimental units for feeding rates tests with terrestrial isopods and fecal pellets from different food sources. A in Coprophagy in detritivores: methodological design for feeding studies in terrestrial isopods (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea)
Figure 1. Experimental units for feeding rates tests with terrestrial isopods and fecal pellets from different food sources. A) Treatment access; coprophagy is allowed. B) Treatment removal; coprophagy and bacterial activity on feces are avoided. C) Treatment net; coprophagy is avoided and bacterial activity on feces allowed. D) Fecal pellet from carrot (left) and decomposing leaf (right) consumption.
Figure 4 in Coprophagy in detritivores: methodological design for feeding studies in terrestrial isopods (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea)
Figure 4. Growth rate of isopods in three different treatments. A. Growth rate of Atlantoscia floridana. B. Growth rate of Balloniscus glaber and Armadillidium vulgare. The values are mean ± SE and the numbers on top indicate the sample number for each index.
Figure 3 in Coprophagy in detritivores: methodological design for feeding studies in terrestrial isopods (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea)
Figure 3. Assimilation efficiency of isopods fed on two different leaves in treatments access, removal and net. The values are mean ± SE and the numbers on top indicate the sample number for each index
Coprophagy in Caribbean parrotfishes
<p><span>Parrotfishes are widely considered to be important grazers on coral reefs that remove autotrophic biomass from the reef substrate and create bare space that is conducive to larval coral settlement and recruitment</span><span>. Because of the top-down effects associated with their benthic foraging, this has been a major focus of parrotfish research. Another aspect of parrotfish foraging and trophic ecology that has received very little attention is coprophagy, the consumption of fecal matter</span><span>. The feces of planktivorous fishes, including <i>Chromis</i> spp., have been identified as important sources of nutrients and trace elements to tropical and temperate reef ecosystems</span><span>. Their feces are readily consumed by a variety of fishes, including parrotfishes</span><span>. Although parrotfish coprophagy has been observed in prior studies</span><span>, its frequency has not yet been quantified.</span> In this study, we observed foraging in five parrotfishes on the fringing reefs of Bonaire, Netherlands: <i>Scarus iseri</i>, <i>Scarus taeniopterus</i>, <i>Scarus vetula</i>, <i>Sparisoma aurofrenatum</i>, and <i>Sparisoma viride</i>. For three of these species, we observed individuals of both ontogenetic phases (terminal and initial phase) to investigate ontogenetic differences in foraging. We found that coprophagy was common in four of these species (<i>Sc. iseri</i>, <i>Sc. taeniopterus</i>, <i>Sc. vetula</i>, and <i>Sp. aurofrenatum</i>), occurring in 46-90% of individuals (<em>Sc. vetula</em> and <em>Sc. taeniopterus</em>, respectively). Though we did not identify the origin of every fecal pellet consumed, we directly observed focal fishes targeting fecal pellets produced by planktivorous <i>Chromis</i> spp. that were often seen schooling above the reef during this feeding behavior. Additionally, most of the fecal pellets consumed by the parrotfishes were similar in appearance (i.e., relative size, shape, coloration, and consistency) to the feces produced by <i>Chromis</i> spp., predominantly <i>Chromis multilineata</i>, suggesting this common origin. However, bites on fecal matter were a relatively small proportion of the total bites taken by these species (< 5%). In contrast, a majority of bites taken by these species were taken on substrates classified as eplithic algal matrix (EAM) or crustose coralline algae (68.5-90.6% of total bites across all five species). Despite being an infrequent target of parrotfish foraging, we estimated that daily fecal C consumption is equivalent to approximately 27% of the daily algal C intake by parrotfishes targeting the major benthic foraging targets of parrotfishes (large turfs, small turfs on endolithic algae or crustose coralline algae, and crustose coralline algae) in Bonaire. The feces of plantivorous reef fishes like <em>Chromis</em> spp. are also likely a valuable source of nutrients to reef fishes, because the fecese of <i>Chromis</i> spp. has higher protein and lipid content and lower C:N and C:P than many benthic marine algae and cyanobacteria, including from the tropics. The absence of coprophagy in <em>Sp. viride</em> and reduced rates of coprophagy in <em>Sc. vetula</em> relative to the other coprophagic species could be the result of increased access to protein-rich endolithic components of the benthos. Access to endolithic components of the benthos increases with body size and the ability to excavate benthic substrate while foraging. <em>Sparisoma viride</em> is an important excavating parrotfish on Caribbean coral reefs, and <em>Sc. vetula</em> is generally larger than the other coprophagic species in our study. Future work should attempt to further quantify the contribution of fecal matter to the nutrition of parrotfishes relative to benthic foraging targets in order to provide a more complete understanding of parrotfish nutritional ecology and to elucidate the importance of coprophagy in nutrient recycling and retention on coral reefs. </p>
Coprophagy in moose
<p><span>Coprophagy, the eating of feces, has been documented in a wide range of species but appears to be rare or difficult to detect in deer (Cervidae). Here, we report the first observation of coprophagy in moose <em>Alces</em> <em>alces</em>, which was recorded using camera collars on free-ranging moose in Norway. The footage shows an instance of allocoprophagy by an adult female moose in spring (May). We summarize the current knowledge about coprophagy in deer and briefly discuss potential drivers and possible implications for disease transmission. Further research is needed to determine if coprophagy occurs frequently in moose and whether this behavior is positive (e.g., increased intake of nutrients) or negative (increased infection by parasites or pathogens).</span></p>
Coprophagy in Caribbean parrotfishes
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Data from: Group recognition in a subsocial extreme omnivore is based on fecal odor preference that is modulated by coprophagy, diet, and learning
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Coprophagy in moose
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Figure 1 from: Soares D, Adams R, Hammond S, Slay ME, Fenolio DB, Niemiller ML (2017) Evolution of Coprophagy and Nutrient Absorption in a Cave Salamander. Subterranean Biology 24: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.24.15013
Figure 1 - Eurycea spelaea showing troglobitic characters, lack of pigmentation and microphthalmy. Scale bar: 0.5 cm.
Figure 2 from: Soares D, Adams R, Hammond S, Slay ME, Fenolio DB, Niemiller ML (2017) Evolution of Coprophagy and Nutrient Absorption in a Cave Salamander. Subterranean Biology 24: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.24.15013
Figure 2 - Regression lines based on body mass loss of different diet types and amounts. Salamanders were fed nothing (green), live amphipods (red) or guano (blue). Groups were fed every four days based on their initial body weight, with 2.5% (A), 5% (B) or 10% (C). The calculated regression lines were as follows: Control -1.16x+96.01 R2 = 0.54, n = 10; 2.5%amphipod -0.26x+98.49, R2 = 0.39, n = 6; 2.5%guano -0.70x+93.58, R2 = 0.02, n = 6; 5%amphipod -0.28x+102.22, R2 = 0.03, n = 6; 5%guano -1.12x+98.89, R2 = 0.77, n = 6; 10%amphipod -0.35x+103.36, R2 = 0.21, n = 6; 10%guano -0.70x+96.01, R2 = 0.53, n = 6.
Data from: Growing up with feces: benefits of allo-coprophagy in families of the European earwig
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