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FIG. 1. — Fissidens marthae Cardot. A in On the peristomes of the corticolous African species of Fissidens Hedw. (Fissidentaceae, Bryophyta)

FIG. 1. — Fissidens marthae Cardot. A, OPL mid tooth, showing the bifurcation and filaments; B, OPL basal undivided part and bifurcation; C, IPL showing fimbriate trabeculae of the undivided part and high horizontal to oblique IPL ("spiral") ornamentation of the filaments; D, basal OPL of two teeth; E1-3, side-views of basal part of filament showing the low OPL and thicker IPL; E1, focus on the vertical walls of the OPL; E3, stack of E1 and 2; F, spores. A, D, E from Uganda, Mupanga Falls, Porley U495A, private herbarium Bruggeman-Nannenga; B from Tanzania, Pócs 8633/M, PC; C, F from Central African Republic, S. Ippy, Kéyorédé, Tisserant s.n., PC. Scale bars: A-E, 20 µm; F, 50 µm.

FIG. 10 in On the peristomes of the corticolous African species of Fissidens Hedw. (Fissidentaceae, Bryophyta)

FIG. 10. — Fissidens jonesii Bizot ex Pócs. A, OPL of two teeth (left one broken off) showing the characteristic trellis-like ornamentation; B, IPL of tooth; B1, detail of distal tooth; C, IPL basal part of tooth; D, same tooth as C with focus on the distal ornamentation; E, IPL basal part; F, moist capsule with erect peristome teeth. A, B from Tanzania, Uluguru Mountains, E slope of Bondwa, Pócs et al. 6260/A, EGR; C-E from Tanzania, Pócs 8616/F, EGR; F from Tanzania, Pócs 6260/B, EGR. Scale bars: A-E, 20 µm; F, 0.5 mm.

FIG. 17 in On the peristomes of the corticolous African species of Fissidens Hedw. (Fissidentaceae, Bryophyta)

FIG. 17. — Fissidens rotundifolius Brugg.-Nann. A, OPL; B, capsule mouth with peristome teeth. Both from holotype: Tanzania, Hunga Valley below Amani, East Usambara Mts. Pócs & Jones s.n., EGR, between F. diaphanodontus. Scale bar: 50 µm.

FIG. 7. — Fissidens gardneri Mitt. A in On the peristomes of the corticolous African species of Fissidens Hedw. (Fissidentaceae, Bryophyta)

FIG. 7. — Fissidens gardneri Mitt. A, OPL of undivided part of two teeth (left one broken off); B, side view of tooth; C, IPL lamellae with focus below the papillose surface to show the incrassate platelets; D, as C with focus on the papillose outer surface; E-H, same tooth at different levels; E, undivided part and bifurcation, or rather trifurcation with focus on the transparent OPL, the underlaying IPL is clearly visible; F, photo E with OPL cells outlined to show the single column of OPL cells; G, focus on IPL; H, photo G with IPL cells outlined to show the two columns with the zigzag border line. A-D from Tanzania, WSW of Morogoro town, Pócs 87041/R, EGR, private herbarium Bruggeman-Nannenga; E-H from Madagascar, Fianarantsoa, Magill & Crosby 12919, MO. Scale bars: 20 µm.

FIG. 4 in On the peristomes of the corticolous African species of Fissidens Hedw. (Fissidentaceae, Bryophyta)

FIG. 4. — Peristome of Fissidens aristifer Brugg.-Nann. A, spores germinating in capsule; B, IPl of undivided part showing papillose trabeculae and ± smooth lamellae; more distally the high, oblique ornamentation of the filament is seen; C, side view showing double protruding trabeculae (on the left) and vertical walls of the OPL; D, detail of F showing delicate vertical lamellar ornamentation of the OPL; E, filaments, in the left filament the border between IPl and OPl clearly visible; F, OPL of two teeth. A, C from La Réunion, Jacques Payet, Sentier du Volcan, Arts RÉU 153/30, BR, private herbarium Bruggeman-Nannenga; B, D-F from type: Madagascar, Ambatofitorahana, Onraedt 70.M.0453,BR: BR-BRY 238507 – 81. Scale bars: B, E, F, 20 µm; C, D, 10 µm.

FIG. 13 in On the peristomes of the corticolous African species of Fissidens Hedw. (Fissidentaceae, Bryophyta)

FIG. 13. — Fissidens papillisetus Brugg.-Nann. A, capsule with operculum; B, OPL of two teeth with spore; C, genuflexed basal part of tooth in side-view showing the high, close lamellar ornamentation; D, IPL of two teeth; E, detail of lamellar OPL ornamentation showing three free laying plates of which two with vertical striae on the right remnants of the operculum; F, "spiral" ornamentation of filaments; G, scabrose calyptra; H, papillose seta. All from Mauritius, Mt. Le Pouce, Florins & Pócs 9538/B, holotype: private herbarium Bruggeman-Nannenga, isotype: EGR. Scale bars: A, G1, 0.5 mm; B-F, 20 µm; G, 100 µm; H, 50 µm.

FIG. 8 in On the peristomes of the corticolous African species of Fissidens Hedw. (Fissidentaceae, Bryophyta)

FIG. 8. — Fissidens granulidens Brugg.-Nann. A, seta with capsule (moist); B-D, impressions of the peristome. All from holotype, Madagascar, forêt primitive de Manjkatompo, Heim s.n., PC0773629A. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B, 50 µm; C, D, 20 µm.

FIG. 16. — Fissidens punctulatus Sande Lac. A in On the peristomes of the corticolous African species of Fissidens Hedw. (Fissidentaceae, Bryophyta)

FIG. 16. — Fissidens punctulatus Sande Lac. A, basal IPL of pair of teeth;A1, line drawing showing the arrangement of cells in Fig. A. The part below the splitting (pale orange) is the continuation of the teeth on the inner surface of the capsule; B, basal OPL; C, capsule with slightly incurved peristome; D, pair of teeth with two spores; D1-3, details showing strongly incrassate IPL lamellae; D4, line drawing showing the single column of OPL cells, the dotted line marks the "perforations" that are probably just thin areas.All from Madagascar,Fôret d'Amboapaka, env.De Vohipeno,sur tronc mort, Heim s.n., PC773871. Scale bars: A, B, D-D4, 20 µm; C, 100 µm.

FIG. 2 in On the peristomes of the corticolous African species of Fissidens Hedw. (Fissidentaceae, Bryophyta)

FIG. 2. — Fissidens ah-pengae Brugg.-Nann. A, OPL with focus on the thin trabeculae; B, OPL focus on the through-shining 3-4 irregular columns IPL cells; C, two IPL trabeculae with a papillose margin; D, IPL; E, moist capsule with ± erect, gently incurved teeth. All from holotype, La Réunion, Commune de Saint-Philippe, Ah-Peng & Bardat s.n., private herbarium Bruggeman-Nannenga. Scale bars: A-D, 20 µm; E, 0.4 mm.

FIG. 6 in On the peristomes of the corticolous African species of Fissidens Hedw. (Fissidentaceae, Bryophyta)

FIG. 6. — Fissidens diaphanodontus (P.de la Varde) Bizot. A-C, OPL; C, SEM photograph; D, E, IPL; D, with OPL in foreground; E1, distal filaments; E2, basal cells; F, side view of tooth; G, moist capsule with erect peristome teeth. A, B, G from Guinea, Nzérékoré Region, Macenta Prefecture, Lisowski 100, private herbarium Bruggeman-Nannenga, KRAM; C from Inoue, Bryoph. Sel. Exsic. 580, L; D-F from Tanzania, Pócs 6387/Q, PC; C previously published in Bruggeman-Nannenga & Berendsen1990. Scale bars: A, D-F, 20 µm; B, 25 µm; C, 10 µm; E1-2, 20 µm; G, 0.5 mm.

FIG. 9 in On the peristomes of the corticolous African species of Fissidens Hedw. (Fissidentaceae, Bryophyta)

FIG. 9. — Fissidens inclusus Bizot & Dury ex Pócs. A, capsule mouth with peristome. Four teeth on the left and three on the right seen from the OPL-side, in the mid IPL of pair of teeth; B, OPL of undivided part and bifurcation; C, IPL basal part and basal filaments plus spore; D, IPL distal filaments; E, capsule (moist) with straight erect teeth. All from holotype, Tanzania, Nguru Mts, on the ridge S of Kwamanga Village above Mhonda mission nr Turiani, Pócs & Mabberley 6398/A, EGR. Scale bars: A, 50 µm; B-D, 20 µm; E, 0.5 mm.

FIG. 3 in On the peristomes of the corticolous African species of Fissidens Hedw. (Fissidentaceae, Bryophyta)

FIG. 3. — Fissidens arboricola Brugg.-Nann. A, B, deeply divided peristome teeth; C, D, completely divided peristome teeth. A, OPL, in the background spiral filaments; B, IPL of two teeth with high, close horizontal to oblique ridges ("spiral"); C, OPL, the trabeculae are recognizable as thin lines, lamellar ornamentation of close oblique ridges; D, IPL basal and mid part with high, close oblique ridges. A, B from Madagascar, Toamasina, Analamazotra Forest Station, Brinda 12240 (type MO, L); C, D from Madagascar, Tulear, Forêt d'Analamaro, ALR-237, private herbarium Bruggeman-Nannenga. Scale bar: 20 µm.

FIG. 12 in On the peristomes of the corticolous African species of Fissidens Hedw. (Fissidentaceae, Bryophyta)

FIG. 12. — Fissidens macroglossus (Broth.) Brugg.-Nann. A, OPL of three deeply divided teeth; B, C, E, details of Fig. A; D, distal parts of filaments, partly in sideview; E, OPL basal cells; F, IPL basal part. A-E from Ivory Coast, Bonaké, Porembski 33, private herbarium Bruggeman-Nannenga; F from Cameroon, Bipindi Urwaltgebiet, Zenker 2292, isotype of F. macroglossus, private herbarium Bruggeman-Nannenga. Scale bars: A, 50 µm; B-F, 20 µm.

FIG. 11. — Fissidens lagenarius Mitt. A in On the peristomes of the corticolous African species of Fissidens Hedw. (Fissidentaceae, Bryophyta)

FIG. 11. — Fissidens lagenarius Mitt. A, OPL, note the transparent OPL lamellae protruding beyond the narrower underlaying IPL lamellae (left below); B, OPL; C-F, IPL variations: C, IPL of two teeth, each composed of a single column of half cells (reduced situation); D, three teeth focused on the incrassate lamellar plates; in the middle tooth two columns are clearly recognizable (normal situation); E, IPL of three teeth focused on the trabeculae; F, IPL of single tooth; G, side view of tooth. A-D, G from Brazil, São Paulo, Yano 235, SP, private herbarium Bruggeman-Nannenga; E from Zambia, North-western Province, Mushitu Forest, Townsend 75/135, E, private herbarium Bruggeman-Nannenga; F from Brazil, Yano 560 235, SP, private herbarium Bruggeman-Nannenga. Scale bar: 20 µm.

FIG. 15 in On the peristomes of the corticolous African species of Fissidens Hedw. (Fissidentaceae, Bryophyta)

FIG. 15. — Fissidens pseudoplumosus Bizot & Onr. ex Pócs subsp. pseudoplumosus: A-C, G. A, OPL basal part and bifurcation; B, C, basal IPL, showing papillose trabeculae and smooth lamellae; G, papillose distal filaments. F. pseudoplumosus subsp. subplanifrons (Bizot & Onr. ex Brugg.-Nann.) Brugg.-Nann. & Arts: D-F, H-I. D, focused on the irregular somewhat reticulate OPL ornamentation; E, same tooth as Fig. D, but focused deeper to show the incrassate lamellar plates; F, side view basal part of tooth, OPL on the right; H, basal part of filament focus on OPL ornamentation; I, same tooth as Fig. H, focused on the "hemispiral" IPL ornamentation of high, dense oblique ridges. A, B, G from La Réunion, La Grande Montagne, Route Forestière de la Plaine d'Affouche, Arts REU122-38, BR, private herbarium M.A. Bruggeman-Nannenga; C from La Réunion, eastern slope of Piton de la Fournaise, sentier de la Ravine du Tremblet, Onraedt 9378, PC, type of F. pseudoplumosus; D-F, H-I from Mauritius, Shoulder of the Ponce (subsp. subplanifrons), Ayres s.n., type of subsp. subplanifrons, BM. Scale bar: 20 µm.

FIG. 5 in On the peristomes of the corticolous African species of Fissidens Hedw. (Fissidentaceae, Bryophyta)

FIG. 5. — Fissidens cyathaeicola Brugg.-Nann. A, OPL of two teeth. The left tooth with rudimentary filament on the right; B, IPL of three teeth, all with rudimentary second filament; C, IPL of basal part of tooth with rudimentary filament (RF). Note the transparent OPL that is wider and thinner than the IPL; D, mid part of tooth in side view, on the left IPL of second tooth; E, capsule; F, OPL of distal filament. All from holotype, La Réunion, Forêt de Bélouve, Bruggeman-Nannenga 11044, L, REU. Scale bars: A-D, F, 20 µm; E, 0.5 mm.

FIG. 3 in Changes in functional and taxonomic diversity and composition of corticolous lichens in an altitudinal gradient in Colombia

FIG. 3. — Lichen diversity and vegetation richness in the Chocó region of Valle del Cauca, Colombi: A, mean and standard error for alpha lichen diversity along the altitudinal gradient; B, mean and standard error for alpha lichen diversity by locality and microhabitat; C, beta lichen diversity; D, total lichen species richness (observed and rarefied) by locality.

FIG. 1 in Changes in functional and taxonomic diversity and composition of corticolous lichens in an altitudinal gradient in Colombia

FIG. 1. — Map of the department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia, showing the sampling points: Δ, Chucheros; Z, Pericos; •, El Queremal; O, Cerro El Inglés; ^, Pico Pance.

FIG. 5. — A in Changes in functional and taxonomic diversity and composition of corticolous lichens in an altitudinal gradient in Colombia

FIG. 5. — A, non-metric multidimensional scaling for composition of lichen species along the gradient (Stres=0.21); B, detrended correspondence analysis for the lichen functional traits along the gradient. In both graphs there is a clear separation between elevations, showing a gradient of species composition and functional traits along the altitudinal gradient. Locations: z, Alto Pance; +, Cerro El Inglés; X, El Queremal; •, Pericos; , Chucheros.

FIG. 2 in Changes in functional and taxonomic diversity and composition of corticolous lichens in an altitudinal gradient in Colombia

FIG. 2. — Number of species of the lichen families with higher diversity at each locality in the Chocó region of Valle del Cauca, Colombia.