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28 results for “cost of plasticity”
Having the guts to compete: How intestinal plasticity explains costs of inducible defenses.
Predators commonly induce phenotypic changes that make prey better at surviving predation at the cost of reduced growth. While we have a good understanding of how trait changes affect predation risk, we lack a mechanistic understanding of why predatorinduced phenotypes differ in growth. Using two mesocosm experiments, we combined phenotypic plasticity theory with predictions from optimal digestion theory to demonstrate that intra- and interspecific competition induced relatively long guts while predators induced relatively short guts. The longer guts induced by competition appear to be an adaptive response that allows more efficient digestion and more rapid growth whereas the shorter guts induced by predators appear to result from a tradeoff of building larger tails in predator environments at the cost of smaller bodies. By combining these two bodies of theory, we now have a much better understanding of the mechanisms that cause the phenotypic trade-offs that select for inducible defences.
Raw Datasets of: "Evaluating the Cost-Effectiveness of Plastic Surgery Based on the Satisfaction with Quality of Life and Nasolabial Appearance in Thai Preteens with Cleft Lip and Palate"
<p>A cross-sectional study with 30 Thai preteen CLP patients aged between 8 to 12-year-old was undertaken between 2017 and 2019 at Tawanchai center. Their satisfaction with QoL was reflected through an interview and a questionnaire with the cooperation of their parents as their caregivers while satisfaction with their nasolabial appearance was from the evaluation of five experts who compared their photos with those of normal faces to determine correlation values of the nasolabial appearance from 5-rating scales using Fleiss’s kappa coefficient scores.</p>
Data from: Tradeoffs affect the adaptive value of plasticity: Stronger cannibal-induced defenses incur greater costs in toad larvae
<p>Adaptive developmental plasticity allows individuals to match their phenotype with their environment, which can increase fitness where threats are inconsistently present. Because adaptive traits are not ubiquitously nor infinitely plastic, tradeoffs between benefits and costs or limits are theoretically necessary to constrain plastic responses. Systems in which extreme risk can be reliably detected are ideal for investigating mechanisms that constrain plasticity, as even costly responses may be adaptive where risk is severe. Cane toads (<em>Rhinella marina</em>) are abundant in Australia and produce large clutches (frequently >10,000 eggs), but asynchronous breeding and rapid development result in variable larval densities within breeding pools. In the field, we found that cannibalism by older cohorts often reduces the survival of conspecific eggs and newly hatched pre-feeding larvae ("hatchlings") by >99%, as feeding larvae ("tadpoles") use chemical cues from the relatively immobile hatchlings to locate and consume them. After hatchlings become free-swimming, however, they are safe from cannibalism. Hatchlings can reduce this period of vulnerability by accelerating development when they detect conspecific tadpole cues. However, this developmental acceleration decreases initial tadpole mass, reduces subsequent survival, growth, and development, affects behavior, and compromises feeding structures. Reaction norms differ among clutches, and greater developmental acceleration is followed by greater impairment of larval function in plastic clutches, whereas nonresponsive clutches are unaffected by exposure to cannibal cues. More plastic clutches ultimately exhibit both poorer performance and greater variation among siblings in exposed and (to a lesser degree) control treatments. Variation among clutches in tadpole viability is driven by differences in plasticity rather than phenotype; fitness reductions are linked to developmental acceleration, not rapid development <em>per se</em>. Clutches with intrinsically slow pre-feeding developmental rates exhibit stronger acceleration (i.e., steeper reaction norms), but clutches with intrinsically rapid development reach invulnerable stages more quickly than those that accelerate development. As a result, high cannibalism risk may favor canalized rapid development rather than facultative developmental acceleration. Cannibalism plays an important role in the recruitment of this invasive species, and hatchling defenses against this threat demonstrate how the limits and tradeoffs associated with an inducible defense can favor canalized defenses over phenotypic plasticity.</p>
Data from: Plasticity via feedback reduces the cost of developmental instability
<p><span>Costs of plasticity are thought to have important physiological and evolutionary consequences. A commonly predicted cost to plasticity is that plastic genotypes are likely to suffer from developmental instability. Adaptive plasticity requires that the developing organism can in some way sense what environment it is in or how well it is performing in that environment. These two information pathways—an "environmental signal" or a "performance signal" that indicates how well a developing phenotype matches the optimum in the current environment—can differ in their consequences for the organism and its evolution. Here, we consider how developmental instability might emerge as a side-effect of these two distinct mechanisms. Because a performance cue allows a regulatory feedback loop connecting a trait to a feedback signal, we hypothesized that plastic genotypes using a performance signal would be more developmentally robust compared to those using a purely environmental signal. Using a numerical model of a network of gene interactions, we show that plasticity comes at a cost of developmental instability when the plastic response is mediated via an environmental signal, but not when it is mediated via a performance signal. We also show that a performance signal mechanism can evolve even in a constant environment, leading to genotypes pre-adapted for plasticity to novel environments even in populations without a history of environmental heterogeneity.</span></p>
Despite plasticity, heatwaves are costly for a coral reef fish
<p>Climate change is intensifying extreme weather events, including marine heatwaves, which are prolonged periods of anomalously high sea surface temperature that pose a novel threat to aquatic animals. Tropical animals may be especially vulnerable to marine heatwaves because they are adapted to a narrow temperature range. If these animals cannot acclimate to marine heat waves, the extreme heat could impair their behavior and fitness. Here, we investigated how marine heatwave conditions affected the performance and thermal tolerance of a tropical predatory fish, arceye hawkfish (<em>Paracirrhites arcatu</em>s), across two seasons in Mo'orea, French Polynesia. We found that the fish's daily activities, including recovery from burst swimming and digestion, were more energetically costly in fish exposed to marine heatwave conditions across both seasons, while their aerobic capacity remained the same. Given their constrained energy budget, these rising costs associated with warming may impact how hawkfish prioritize activities. Additionally, hawkfish that were exposed to hotter temperatures exhibited cardiac plasticity by increasing their maximum heart rate but were still operating within a few degrees of their thermal limits. With more frequent and intense heatwaves, hawkfish, and other tropical fishes must rapidly acclimate, or they may suffer physiological consequences that alter their role in the ecosystem. <strong><br></strong></p>
The risk faced by the early bat: individual plasticity and mortality costs of the timing of spring departure after hibernation
<p>Hibernation is a widespread adaptation in animals to seasonally changing environmental conditions. In the face of global anthropogenic change, information about plastic adjustments to environmental conditions and associated mortality costs are urgently needed to assess population persistence of hibernating species. Here, we used a five-year data set of 1,047 RFID-tagged individuals from two bat species, Myotis nattereri and Myotis daubentonii that were automatically recorded each time they entered or left a hibernaculum. Because the two species differ in foraging strategy and activity pattern during winter, we expected species–specific responses in the timing of hibernation relative to environmental conditions, as well as different mortality costs of early departure from the hibernaculum in spring. Applying mixed-effects modelling, we were able to disentangle population-level and individual-level plasticity in the timing of departure. To estimate mortality costs of early departure, we used both a capture mark recapture analysis and a novel approach that takes into account individual exposure times to mortality outside the hibernaculum. We found that the timing of departure varied between species as well as among and within individuals, and was plastically adjusted to large-scale weather conditions as measured by the NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) index. Individuals of M. nattereri, which can exploit milder temperatures for foraging during winter, tuned departure more closely to the NAO index than individuals of M. daubentoniid which do not hunt during winter. Both analytical approaches used to estimate mortality costs showed that early departing individuals were less likely to survive until the subsequent hibernation period than individuals that departed later. Overall, our study demonstrates that individuals of long-lived hibernating bat species have the potential to plastically adjust to changing climatic conditions, although the potential for adjustment differs between species.</p>
Transgenerational phenotypic plasticity of diapause induction and related fitness cost in a commercial strain of the parasitoid Aphidius ervi Haliday
<p>Dataset.</p> <p>Diapause is an adaptation that insects have evolved to synchronize their life cycle with that of seasonal climatic changes and resources availability. However, cues for its induction are not always clear and, in some cases, a maternal effect may be involved. At the population level, just a part of the individuals may exhibit diapause with important consequences in terms of winter survival. Moreover, clear indicators of diapause state are difficult to identify. Diapause induction was thus investigated in the aphid parasitoid species Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) developing in the aphid Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) at four crossed photothermal regimes (16 °C and 8 °C, 16:8 h L:D and 8:16 h L:D), and during 2 successive generations. We analyzed the reliability of changes in mummy color to assess for the diapausing state compared to dissections, and we measured parasitoid morphological and physiological traits. We observed that the proportion of dark brown mummies increased after one generation under low photothermal regime compared to other regimes. No diapause was recorded at 16 °C, 16:8 h L:D, while we observed 16.2% and 67.5% diapause incidence at 8 °C, 8:16 h L:D, at 1st and 2nd generation, respectively. Diapause induction is thus increased by short day-length conditions and low temperatures as well as by maternal effects. All parasitoid life-history traits (weight, size, fat content, water content, egg-load, and longevity) were affected by the photothermal regime and/or the generation. These results raise new questions on the environmental thresholds needed to induce diapause and on survival and adaptation potential of commercially available parasitoid strains in different environments.</p>
Experimental and theoretical support for costs of plasticity and phenotype in a nematode cannibalistic trait
<p>Developmental plasticity is the ability of a genotype to express multiple phenotypes under different environmental conditions and has been shown to facilitate the evolution of novel traits. However, while the associated cost of plasticity, i.e., the loss in fitness due to the ability to express plasticity in response to environmental change, and the cost of phenotype, i.e., the loss of fitness due to expressing a fixed phenotype across environments, have been theoretically predicted, empirically such costs remain poorly documented and little understood. Here, we use a plasticity model system, hermaphroditic nematode Pristionchus pacificus, to experimentally measure these costs in wild isolates under controlled laboratory conditions. P. pacificus can develop either a bacterial feeding or predatory mouth morph in response to different external stimuli, with natural variation of mouth-morph ratios between strains. We first demonstrated the cost of phenotype by analyzing fecundity and developmental speed in relation to mouth morphs across the P. pacificus phylogenetic tree. Then, we exposed P. pacificus strains to two distinct microbial diets that induce strain-specific mouth-form ratios. Our results indicate that the plastic strain does shoulder a cost of plasticity, i.e., the diet-induced predatory mouth morph is associated with reduced fecundity and slower developmental speed. In contrast, the non-plastic strain suffers from the cost of phenotype since its phenotype does not change to match the unfavorable bacterial diet but shows increased fitness and higher developmental speed on the favorable diet. Furthermore, using a stage-structured population model based on empirically derived life history parameters, we show how population structure can alleviate the cost of plasticity in P. pacificus. The results of the model illustrate the extent to which the costs associated with plasticity and its effect on competition depend on ecological factors. This study provides support for costs of plasticity and phenotype based on empirical and modeling approaches.</p>
Efficacy and Cost Analysis of Plastic Stent Compare to Metallic Stent in Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00721175. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 4.
Data from: Plasticity via feedback reduces the cost of developmental instability
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Data from: Tradeoffs affect the adaptive value of plasticity: Stronger cannibal-induced defenses incur greater costs in toad larvae
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Dietary constraints and costs of melanin pigmentation plasticity
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Experimental and theoretical support for costs of plasticity and phenotype in a nematode cannibalistic trait
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The risk faced by the early bat: individual plasticity and mortality costs of the timing of spring departure after hibernation
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Despite plasticity, heatwaves are costly for a coral reef fish
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Data from: Female sperm storage mediates postcopulatory costs and benefits of ejaculate anticipatory plasticity in the guppy
<p>Males of many species evolved the capability of adjusting their ejaculate phenotype in response to social cues to match the expected mating conditions. When females store sperm for prolonged time, the expected fitness return of plastic adjustments of ejaculate phenotype may depend on the interval between mating and fertilization. While, prolonged female sperm storage (FSS) increases the opportunity for sperm competition, as a consequence of the longer temporal overlapping of ejaculates from several males, it may also create variable selective forces on ejaculate phenotype, for example by exposing trade-offs between sperm velocity and sperm survival. We evaluated the relationship between the plasticity of ejaculate quality and FSS in the guppy, <i>Poecilia reticulata</i>, a polyandrous livebearing fish in which females store sperm for several months and where stored sperm contribute significantly to a male's lifelong reproductive success. In this species, males respond to the perception of future mating opportunities by increasing the quantity (number) and quality (swimming velocity) of ready-to-use sperm (an anticipatory response called 'sperm priming'). Here we investigated 1) the effect of sperm priming on <i>in-vitro</i> sperm viability at stripping and its temporal decline (as estimate of sperm survival), and, 2) the <i>in-vitro</i> competitive fertilization success in relation to female sperm storage using artificial insemination. As expected, sperm-primed males produced more numerous and faster sperm, but with a reduced <i>in-vitro</i> sperm viability at stripping and after 4 hours, compared to their counterparts. Artificial insemination revealed that the small (non-significant) advantage of primed sperm when fertilization immediately follows insemination, is reversed when eggs are fertilized by female-stored sperm, weeks after insemination. By suggesting a plastic trade-off between sperm velocity and viability, these results demonstrate that prolonged female sperm storage generates divergent selection pressures on ejaculate phenotype.</p>
Endocrine disruption from plastic pollution and warming interact to increase the energetic cost of growth in a fish
<p>Energetic cost of growth determines how much food-derived energy is needed to produce a given amount of new biomass, and thereby influences energy transduction between trophic levels. Growth and development are regulated by hormones and are therefore sensitive to changes in temperature and environmental endocrine disruption. Here we show that the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A at an environmentally relevant concentration (BPA; 10 µg l⁻¹) decreased fish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) size at 30 <sup>o</sup>C water temperature. Under the same conditions, it significantly increased metabolic rates and the energetic cost of growth across development. In contrast, BPA decreased cost of growth at cooler temperatures (24 °C). BPA-mediated changes in cost of growth were not associated with mitochondrial efficiency (P/O ratios [i.e., ADP used/oxygen consumed] and respiratory control ratios) although BPA did increase mitochondrial proton leak. In females, BPA decreased age at maturity at 24 <sup>o</sup>C but increased it at 30 <sup>o</sup>C, and it decreased the gonadosomatic index suggesting reduced investment into reproduction. Our data reveal a potentially serious emerging problem: increasing water temperatures resulting from climate warming together with endocrine disruption from plastic pollution can impact animal growth efficiency, and hence the dynamics and resilience of animal populations and the services these provide.</p>
Male adaptive plasticity can explain the evolution of sexual perception costs
<p>Sensory perception of environmental cues has been shown to trigger plastic responses that can induce important fitness costs, including the dramatic modulation of ageing across distant taxa. For example, male Drosophila melanogaster suffer a marked decrease in fitness, including faster reproductive and actuarial ageing, if they perceive female cues but fail to mate shortly after (ageing via sexual perception). While this has been a breakthrough for our understanding of the mechanisms of ageing, it poses the question as to why such plastic responses evolved. Here, we used D. melanogaster to ask whether sexual perception costs may be a by-product of plastic adaptive responses to female cues. We found that: a) short-term (1 day) perception of female cues prior to mating opportunities increases male relative lifetime reproductive success in a competitive environment, b) medium-term (3-7 days) perception is neutral, and c) long-term (15 days) perception leads to reproductive costs. We then ran mathematical simulations under a wide range of socio-sexual and demographic scenarios to show that such plastic male responses can be adaptive whenever mating rates fluctuate within the range experienced by D. melanogaster and other insects in the wild, suggesting this may be a widespread strategy in nature. Finally, we show that, because the short-term benefits of plastic responses will be mostly acquired by high-quality males while long-term costs will be mostly paid by low-quality males, sexual perception can significantly magnify sexual selection (15-27% average increase in the opportunity for selection).</p>
Data from: Shoaling in the Trinidadian guppy: Costs, benefits, and plasticity in response to an ambush predator
<p><span>Shoaling, the formation of social groupings in fish, can provide benefits including reduced predation risk. However, it can also inflict costs including increased competition for resources, transmission of parasites, and salience to predators. Trinidadian guppies exhibit inter-population variation in shoaling behavior where individuals coexisting with large piscivorous predators (high predation localities) spend most of their time in shoals and those coexisting with an ambush predator, <em>Rivulus hartii</em> (recently, <em>Anablepsoides hartii</em>), that preys primarily on smaller guppies (low predation localities) do not. It has been suggested that this predator selects for reduced shoaling because doing so reduces salience to the predator. Here, as far as we know, we perform the first test of this idea. First, we investigated the effectiveness of shoaling in encounters with this predator. In survival trials, where one <em>rivulus </em>interacted with a group of guppies, we found that the predator was more likely to attack individuals in shoals than singletons. However, we also found that attacks directed at shoals were less likely to succeed. This suggests that the optimal strategy for guppies co-existing with this predator is to reduce shoaling to reduce the probability of being attacked, and to form shoals when an attack is initiated. We then asked if guppies modified their shoaling behavior in response to visual and olfactory cues from this predator during development. We found changes in guppy behavior in response to the treatment: guppies increased shoaling behavior when there was heightened risk of predation.</span></p>
A hybrid chemical-biological approach can upcycle mixed plastic waste with reduced cost and carbon footprint
<p>Derived from renewable feedstocks, such as biomass, polylactic acid (PLA) is considered a more environmentally-friendly plastic than conventional petroleum-based polyethylene terephthalate (PET). However, PLA must still be recycled and its growing popularity and mixture with PET plastics at the disposal stage poses a cross-contamination threat in existing recycling facilities and results in low-value and low-quality recycled products. Hybrid upcycling has been proposed as a promising sustainable solution for mixed plastic waste; but its techno-economic and lifecycle environmental performance remain understudied. Here we propose a hybrid upcycling approach using a biocompatible ionic liquid (IL) to first chemically depolymerize plastics, then convert the depolymerized stream via biological upgrading with no extra separation. We show that over 95% of mixed PET/PLA was depolymerized into their respective monomers, which then served as the sole carbon source for the growth of <i>Pseudomonas putida</i>, enabling the conversion of the depolymerized plastics into biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). In comparison to conventional commercial PHA, the estimated optimal production cost and carbon footprint are reduced by 62% and 29%, respectively.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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