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78 results for “courtship display”
Computational analyses of dynamic visual courtship display reveal diet-dependent and plastic male signaling in Rabidosa rabida wolf spiders
<p>It has long been a challenge to quantify the variation in dynamic motions to understand how those displays function in animal communication. The traditional approach is dependent on labor-intensive manual identification/annotation by experts. However, the recent progress in computational techniques provides researchers with toolsets for rapid, objective, and reproducible quantification of dynamic visual displays. In the present study, we investigated the effects of diet manipulation on dynamic visual components of male courtship displays of <em>Rabidosa</em> <em>rabida</em> wolf spiders using machine learning algorithms. Our results suggest that (i) the computational approach can provide an insight into the variation in the dynamic visual display between high- and low-diet males which is not clearly shown with the traditional approach and (ii) males may plastically alter their courtship display according to the body size of females they encounter. Through the present study, we add an example of the utilization of recent computational techniques for understanding the evolution of animal behaviors.</p>
The evolution of dynamic and flexible courtship displays that reveal individual quality
Abstract Sexual selection is a major force shaping morphological and behavioral diversity. Existing theory focuses on courtship display traits such as morphological ornaments whose costs and benefits are assumed be to fixed across individuals' lifetimes. In contrast, empirically observed displays are often inherently dynamic, as vividly illustrated by the acrobatic dances, loud vocalizations, and vigorous motor displays involved in courtship behavior across a broad range of taxa. One empirically observed form of display flexibility occurs when signalers adjust their courtship investment based on the number of rival signalers. The predictions of established sexual selection theory cannot readily be extended to such displays because display expression varies between courtship events, such that any given display may not reliably reflect signaler quality. We thus lack an understanding of how dynamic displays coevolve with sexual preferences and how signalers should tactically adjust their display investment across multiple courtship opportunities. To address these questions, we extended an established model of the coevolution of a female sexual preference and a male display trait to allow for flexible, dynamic displays. We find that such a display can coevolve with a sexual preference away from their naturally selected optima, though display intensity is a weaker signal of male quality than for non-flexible displays. Furthermore, we find that males evolve to decrease their display investment when displaying alongside more rivals. This research represents a first step towards generalizing the findings of sexual selection theory to account for the ubiquitous dynamism of animal courtship. Significance statement Animal courtship displays are typically costly for survival: songs attract predators; dances are exhausting; extravagant plumage is cumbersome. Because of the trade-off between mating benefits and survival costs, displaying individuals often vary their displays across time, courting more intensely when the potential benefit is higher or the cost is lower. Despite the ubiquity of such adjustment in nature, existing theory cannot account for how this flexibility might affect the coevolution of displays with sexual preferences, nor for the patterns of tactical display adjustment that might result, because those models treat displays as static, with fixed costs and benefits. Generalizing a well-studied model of sexual selection, we find that a static display and a flexible display can evolve under similar conditions. Our model predicts that courtship should be less intense when more competitors are present.
Data and code from: Computational analyses of dynamic visual courtship display reveal diet-dependent male signaling in <em>Rabidosa rabida</em> wolf spiders
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Computational analyses of dynamic visual courtship display reveal diet-dependent and plastic male signaling in Rabidosa rabida wolf spiders
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Female audience shapes the complexity and syntax of male courtship displays in a lek-mating bird
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The evolution of dynamic and flexible courtship displays that reveal individual quality
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Figure 25 in Courtship display of the peacock spider Maratus aquilus (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)
Figure 25 (continued from previous page). Selected sequential frames (1-80, 25 fps video) showing the close fan dance of a male Maratus aquilus from the perspective of a closely attending female (blurred image in foreground). 62-71, 5 wave cycles to the left. 76-80, 2.5 wave cycles to the right.
Figure 22 in Courtship display of the peacock spider Maratus aquilus (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)
Figure 22. Sequential photographs (1-12) showing a female Maratus aquilus turning from side to side to follow the close fan dance of a male. Usually movement to display the lateral flap on one side is completed before the female can complete a turn to face the respective direction.
Figure 24 in Courtship display of the peacock spider Maratus aquilus (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)
Figure 24 (continued from previous page). Sequential photographs showing the close fan dance of a male Maratus aquilus from the perspective of a closely attending female (blurred image at lower left).
Figure 25 in Courtship display of the peacock spider Maratus aquilus (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)
Figure 25 (continued from previous page, continued on next page). Selected sequential frames (1-80, 25 fps video) showing the close fan dance of a male Maratus aquilus from the perspective of a closely attending female (blurred image in foreground). 43-55, 6.5 wave cycles to the right.
Figure 18 in Courtship display of the peacock spider Maratus aquilus (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)
Figure 18. Photographs depicting typical positions associated with either an elevated fan wave or an active fan dance of a male Maratus aquilus.
Figure 21 in Courtship display of the peacock spider Maratus aquilus (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)
Figure 21. Selected sequential frames (1-10) showing a female Maratus aquilus turning from side to side to follow the close fan dance of a male.
Figure 17 in Courtship display of the peacock spider Maratus aquilus (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)
Figure 17. Sequential photographs showing transition to a close fan dance by male Maratus aquilus as a female approached (6-7, blurred image in foreground).
Figure 16 in Courtship display of the peacock spider Maratus aquilus (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)
Figure 16. Selected frames (25 fps video) showing movement of the fan and extended legs III during the active fan dance of a male Maratus aquilus. The female (blurred image at lower left) was directly in front of this male. Each time that this spider stepped to one side (3, 5, 7) the fan was lowered and legs III were raised to a near-vertical orientation.
Figure 28 in Courtship display of the peacock spider Maratus aquilus (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)
Figure 28. Sequential frames (1-25, 25 fps video) showing each position of the opisthosoma during the close fan dance of a male Maratus aquilus in front of a female, viewed from the rear. Each arrow indicates movement of the opisthosoma relative to the preceding frame. 3-13, 20-25, Low amplitude movement of the partly elevated fan near the center position with flaps retracted. 15-18, Two wave cycles to the right with the right flap extended.
Figure 24 in Courtship display of the peacock spider Maratus aquilus (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)
Figure 24 (continued on next page). Sequential photographs showing the close fan dance of a male Maratus aquilus from the perspective of a closely attending female (blurred image at lower left).
Figure 14 in Courtship display of the peacock spider Maratus aquilus (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)
Figure 14 (continued from previous page). Selected sequential frames (25 fps video) showing continuous movement of the fan and extended legs III during the active fan dance of a male Maratus aquilus. 37, 42, Each larger arrow identifies a step to the spider's right side.
Figure 9 in Courtship display of the peacock spider Maratus aquilus (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)
Figure 9. Consecutive frames (1-25, 25 fps video) showing an elevated fan wave display without extension of legs III
Figure 8 in Courtship display of the peacock spider Maratus aquilus (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)
Figure 8. Selected frames (1-25, 25 fps video) showing an elevated fan wave display by a male Maratus aquilus. With legs III extended in an upright position, the flaps of the fan were displayed alternately on either side in a manner similar to that seen in the close fan dance (~3.5 lateral wave cycles/s). The female, facing the male, is visible as a blurred figure in the foreground (lower right) of each frame. Here as in subsequent figures movement of the fan or legs relative to the preceding frame is identified by an arrow. 4-11, (1.20-2.16s), 4 wave cycles to the left over ~1s. 13-24, (2.68-4.56s) 6 wave cycles to the right over ~2s.
Figure 25 in Courtship display of the peacock spider Maratus aquilus (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)
Figure 25 (continued from previous page, continued on next page). Selected sequential frames (1-80, 25 fps video) showing the close fan dance of a male Maratus aquilus from the perspective of a closely attending female (blurred image in foreground). 25-37, 6 wave cycles to the left.
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