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Figure 15 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)

Figure 15. Biology and morphology of Liogma brevipecten. (A) Final-instar larva, dorsolateral view. (B) Prothoracic integument sheltering the head capsule, frontal view. (C) Spinules on a dorsal lobe, dorsolateral view; for ultrastructure, see Fig. 6F. (D) Tracheal branches inserted into a lateral lobe. (E) First-instar larva, lateral view. (F) Female laying an egg onto the abaxial side of a leaf of Bryhnia novae-angliae (Brachytheciaceae). Scale = 1 mm.

Figure 16 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)

Figure 16. Biology and morphology of Liogma mikado, L. nodicornis, L. serraticornis. (A–C) L. mikado. (A) Late-instar larva, lateral view. (B) First-instar larva (scale = 0.5 mm). (C) Early-instar larva on a tuft of Plagiothecium euryphyllum (Plagiotheciaceae). (D) Late-instar larva of L. nodicornis, feeding on Plagiomnium ciliare (Mniaceae). (E–I) L. serraticornis. (E) Late-instar larvae with green hue, feeding on Plagiomnium vesicatum (Mniaceae). (F) Late-instar larvae with brown hue feeding on Mnium lycopodioides (Mniaceae), found in the same population as the individual shown in (B). (G) Habitus of lateinstar, dorsal view; mesoand metathoracic segments are entirely dark and inverted Y-shaped pattern is evident in abdominal segments I–VII. (H) Characters of head. (I) Characters of anal segment. Black arrows indicate papilla-like, anterior pair of the ventral lobes. Abbreviations: anp, anal papilla; dl, dorsal lobe; pr, pronotal ridge; vl, ventral lobe. Scale (except B) = 1 mm.

Figure 14 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)

Figure 14. Biology and morphology of Diogma glabrata. (A) Final instar larva of D. glabrata. (B) Later-instar larva feeding on Bryhnia cf. tenerrima (Brachytheciaceae). (C) Characters of anal segment. Abbreviations: dl, dorsal lobe; dm, dorsomedial lobe; vl, ventral lobe. Scale = 1 mm.

Figure 9 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)

Figure 9. Histological characterisation of internal structure of anal segment of Liogma brevipecten at first instar, in crosssection. Selected cross-sections of anal segment from anterior (A) to posterior (D), showing spiracular field and surroundings. Black arrowheads denote intrinsic muscles of lateral lobes. Abbreviations: anp, anal papilla; at, atrium chamber; re, rectum; stg, stigmal ring. Scale = 50 µm.

Figure 13 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)

Figure 13. Ultrastructure of Cylindrotoma japonica final-instar larva, SEM views. (A) larval head loaded with a mass of secretion (presumably silk material); secretion is reticulated and entirely conceals the head capsule but a small, circular opening is present near the centre (white arrowhead), which leads to the mouth underneath. (B) Close-up view of a secretion mass, which provides a cap for the head capsule, revealing delicate reticulated threads. Bright flaring is due to sample charge. (C) Isolated threads of the ventral thoracic segment; note that the diameter is greater than that of head part threads in image B. (D) Ventral lobe on abdominal segment VII, in which the cuticular surface is worn out due to abrasion. Scales as shown in each image.

Figure 6 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)

Figure 6. Comparative morphology of dorsal elongated cuticular appendages on abdominal segment in cylindrotomine larvae at late instar. (A) Cylindrotoma japonica. (B) Diogma glabrata. (C) Liogma brevipecten. (D) L. mikado. (E) L. nodicornis. (F) L. serraticornis. (G) Triogma kuwanai. (H) Phalacrocera replicata. For C, E and H, body colour is faded away due to preservation in alcohol. Scale = 1 mm.

Figure 5 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)

Figure 5. Schematic diagram illustrating diverse arrangements and numbers of the elongated cuticular lobes in 11 cylindrotomine species. Each diagram represents a simplified larval body, longitudinally grouped into six, based on the patterned arrangements of the lobes: (1) prothorax, (2) meso- and metathorax, (3) abdominal segment I, (4) abdominal segment II, (5) abdominal segments III–VII, and (6) abdominal segment VIII (anal segment). Each square partitioned by double lines in a row denotes the integument on the dorsal (dl), lateral (la), ventral (vl) sides of the corresponding segment(s). Each black dot symbolizes a cuticular lobe, of which position/size in a given space express the relative position/size of the lobe. Anal papillae are not shown. Lobe forms, auxiliary outgrowths, and relative length of segments are not shown here (see each species' own description). Each taxon name is abbreviated. For G and I, diagrams are based on the description in Brodo (1967) and Peus (1952), respectively; caution is needed when these are compared with the species examined herein (A–F, I–K), because the lobe characteristics could be treated differently in the previous studies. For K, a single lobe is present at the location of asterisk (*) only in the abdominal segment VII but not in the other segments.

Figure 18 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)

Figure 18. Biology and structures of Phalacrocera replicata and P. tipulina. (A–B) P. replicata. (A) Specimen of lateinstar larva preserved in alcohol, dorsal view. (B) Characteristic lobes in anal segment, lateral view. (C–I) P. tipulina. (C) Specimen preserved in alcohol. (D) Late-instar larva curling its posterior body anchored with anal segment the Sphagnum mosses. (E) Late-instar larva floating near water surface with ventral side up, anchoring its mandibles to a moss shoot. (F) Morphological features of anal segment, oblique lateral view. (G) Ultrastructure of ventral lobe in anal segment, SEM view. (H) Ultrastructure of accessory dorsal lobe, SEM view. Abbreviations: anp, anal papilla; dac, accessory dorsal lobe; dl, dorsal lobe; dm, dorsomedial lobe; spd, spiracular disc; vl, ventral lobe. Scale (except G and H) = 1 mm.

Figure 4 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)

Figure 4. Coloration and patterning of larval Cylindrotominae. (A) Dissected integuments of larvae with a green hue of L. brevipecten (left) and L. mikado (right). Note that there is a marked difference in integument colouration between them and that L. mikado has a yellowish tint. (B) Final-instar larva of Cylindrotoma japonica drowned in a wet spot on a leaf. The transparency of the integument is evident, with a shiny, silvery ventral side. (C–D) Colour dimorphism in Liogma mikado. (C) Late-instar larva of Liogma mikado with a green hue, blending in well in a tuft of Plagiothecium euryphyllum (Plagiotheciaceae). (D) Late-instar individual with a brown hue, occurring on the same moss patch as (C).

Figure 7 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)

Figure 7. Ultrastructure of dorsal integument, SEM views. Dorsal integument with elongated cuticular lobes of abdominal segment at larval stage. Cylindrotoma japonica (A–C). (A) General dorsal integument. (B) Dorsal elongated lobe. (C) Ditto, closer view. Liogma brevipecten (D–F). (D) General dorsal integument. (E) Dorsal elongated lobe, lateral side. (F) Ditto, frontal side. Phalacrocera tipulina (G–I). (G) General dorsal integument to which diatoms and debris are sparsely attached. (H) Ditto, closer view. (I) Dorsal elongated lobe. Scales are shown in each image.

Figure 2 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)

Figure 2. Eggs of Cylindrotominae (Cylindrotomidae). (A) Liogma brevipecten, dorsal (left) and ventral sides (right); micropyle at the distal end (black arrowhead) and possess a lateral adhesive region (white arrowhead). (B) Liogma brevipecten on the lower side of a liverwort thallus of Conocephalum conicum (Conocephalaceae). (C) Triogma kuwanai, on a dicot shoot. Scale = 500 µm.

Figure 1 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)

Figure 1. Life history of Cylindrotominae. (A) First-instar larva of Triogma kuwanai consuming fluid within a leaf of Plagiomnium vesicatum (Mniaceae), dorsal view; cells devoid of chlorophyll (black arrowheads) indicate the piercing-andsucking feeding method. (B) Final-instar larva of Liogma brevipecten chewing a leaf margin of Rhizomnium tuomikoskii (Mniaceae), lateral view; note that the head capsule is fully retracted within the lip-like cuticular lobe. (C) Pupa of Liogma brevipecten with a green hue and displaying transverse black stripes in abdominal segments, dorsal view. (D) Copulating couple of Liogma mikado on moss tufts; the female, on the left, was dragged out of the pupal exuvium by the male and thus the body has not been completely sclerotised. (E) Leaf of Stellaria (Caryophyllaceae) with two characteristic incisions in the epidermis of the lower leaf surface (white arrowheads) due to endophytic oviposition; the eggs are absent. (F) Egg of L. mikado laid on a shoot of Hylocomnium splendens (Hylocomniaceae). (G) Larva of C. japonica, which is being preyed upon by what is presumably a third-instar nymph of Himacerus apterus (Hemiptera: Nabidae). Scale = 1 mm.

FIGURES 51–56 in Tipula (Vestiplex) levisoni sp. nov., a new cranefly (Diptera, Tipulidae) from the Western Himalayas

FIGURES 51–56. Female terminalia of Tipula (Vestiplex) tanycera. 51, ovipositor, left lateral view; 52, sternite 8 with hypovalvae, ventral view; 53, sternite 9, dorsal view; 54, furca, dorsal view; 55, bursa copulatrix, dorsal view; 56, spermatheca. Abbreviation: cds, cul-de-sac of bursa copulatrix. Scale a: 50 = 1 mm; b: 51–54 = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 41–50 in Tipula (Vestiplex) levisoni sp. nov., a new cranefly (Diptera, Tipulidae) from the Western Himalayas

FIGURES 41–50. Male terminalia of Tipula (Vestiplex) tanycera. 41, hypopygium, dorsal view; 42, hypopygium, lateral view; 43, epandrium, dorsal view; 44, left gonocoxite, lateral view; 45, left outer gonostylus; 46, left inner gonostylus, lateral view; 47, aedeagal guide, lateral view; 48, gonocoxal fragment, dorsal view; 49, sperm pump, dorsal view; 50, distal part of intromittent organ, lateral view. Abbreviations: mt, mid-dorsal tooth of inner gonostylus; pt, posterolateral tooth of epandrium. Scale a: 41, 42 = 0.5 mm; b: 43–49 = 0.5 mm; c: 50 = 0.25 mm.

FIGURES 38–40 in Tipula (Vestiplex) levisoni sp. nov., a new cranefly (Diptera, Tipulidae) from the Western Himalayas

FIGURES 38–40. Tipula (Vestiplex) tanycera. 38, male and female, paratypes; 39, male, thorax, dorsal view; 40, wing. Scale of 38, 40 = 0.5 mm; 39 = 1 mm.

FIGURES 32–37 in Tipula (Vestiplex) levisoni sp. nov., a new cranefly (Diptera, Tipulidae) from the Western Himalayas

FIGURES 32–37. Female terminalia of Tipula (Vestiplex) mitchelli. 32, tergite 10 with cercus, left lateral view; 33, distal part of cercus, lateral view; 34, sternite 8 with hypovalvae, ventral view; 35, sternite 9 with furca, dorsal view; 36, bursa copulatrix, dorsal view; 37, spermatheca. Abbreviation: cds, cul-de-sac of bursa copulatrix. Scale a: 32 = 1 mm; b: 33–37 = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 24–31 in Tipula (Vestiplex) levisoni sp. nov., a new cranefly (Diptera, Tipulidae) from the Western Himalayas

FIGURES 24–31. Male terminalia of Tipula (Vestiplex) mitchelli. 24, epandrium, dorsal view 25, left gonocoxite, lateral view; 26, left outer gonostylus; 27, right inner gonostylus, lateral view; 28, aedeagal guide, lateral view; 29, gonocoxal fragment, dorsal view; 30, sperm pump, dorsal view; 31, distal part of intromittent organ, lateral view. Scale a: 24–30 = 0.5 mm; b: 31 = 0.25 mm.

FIGURES 15–20 in Tipula (Vestiplex) levisoni sp. nov., a new cranefly (Diptera, Tipulidae) from the Western Himalayas

FIGURES 15–20. Female terminalia of Tipula (Vestiplex) levisoni sp. nov. 15, ovipositor, left lateral view; 16, sternite 8 with hypovalvae, ventral view; 17, sternite 9, dorsal view; 18, furca, dorsal view; 19, bursa copulatrix, dorsal view; 20, spermatheca. Abbreviations: bp sd, basal part of spermathecal duct; cds, cul-de-sac of bursa copulatrix; c, cerci; h, hypovalvae; s8, sternite 8; t10, tergite 10. Scale a: 15 = 1 mm; b: 16–20 = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 21–23 in Tipula (Vestiplex) levisoni sp. nov., a new cranefly (Diptera, Tipulidae) from the Western Himalayas

FIGURES 21–23. Tipula (Vestiplex) mitchelli. 21, male, lateral view; 22, male, head and thorax, dorsal view; 23, female, lateral view. Scale of 21, 23 = 0.5 mm; 22 = 1 mm.

FIGURES 5–14 in Tipula (Vestiplex) levisoni sp. nov., a new cranefly (Diptera, Tipulidae) from the Western Himalayas

FIGURES 5–14. Male terminalia of Tipula (Vestiplex) levisoni sp. nov. 5, hypopygium, dorsal view; 6, hypopygium, lateral view; 7, epandrium, dorsal view; 8, left gonocoxite, lateral view; 9, left outer gonostylus; 10, left inner gonostylus, lateral view; 11, aedeagal guide, lateral view; 12, gonocoxal fragment, dorsal view; 13, sperm pump, dorsal view; 14, distal part of intromittent organ, lateral view. Abbreviations: aia, anterior immovable apodeme; ca, compressor apodeme; ep, epandrium; gcx, gonocoxite; ig, inner gonostylus; ls, lateral sclerite of gonocoxal fragment; ms, medial sclerite of gonocoxal fragment; mt, mid-dorsal tooth of inner gonostylus; og, outer gonostylus; pia, posterior immovable apodeme; pt, posterolateral tooth of epandrium. Scale a: 5, 6 = 0.5 mm; b: 7–13 = 0.5 mm; c: 14 = 0.25 mm.