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The effects the mode of delivery of microcystin-LR has on rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus) behavior and physiology
Microcystin is a deadly toxin produced during algal blooms. The cells release MCLR which can cause significant neurological and behavioral damage to organisms exposed to the toxin. MCLR can exist in the water column and in the sediment and through normal ecological processes move between those two states or location. Given the location of the toxin, it is possible that MCLR in the sediment could have different adverse effects on organisms as opposed to when the toxin is in the water column. We tested that idea using crayfish that were exposed to either nothing, a vehicle to carry the mclr, and mclr. In addition, the toxin and vehicle were dosed either in the water column or in the sediment. Behavioral and physiological measures were taken after 4 days of exposure, The results indicate that at both the behavioral and physiological level, the location of the toxin has different adverse effects.
Altering pH changes competition dynamics between two crayfish species for both food and shelter resources
As climate change continues, alterations in abiotic variables within habitats will also change. One of the key variables for aquatic systems is pH. We were interested in how lowered pH altered the behavioral characteristics of two keystone species: Faxonius rusticus, a non-native crayfish in the upper midwest and Faxonius virilis, the native crayfish. We dosed size-matched individuals in separate tanks for four days and than placed these individuals in a flow through mesocosm to allow them to compete over food and shelter resources. Behavior was recorded from midnight to 4 am. Pairs of animals were exposed to pH levels varying from ambient (8.4) to 6.4. The experiment took place at the University of Michigan's Biological Station in northern Michigan in the United States.
The impact of the presence of the crayfish Faxonius virilis on the excavating behavior of Faxonius propinquus, Michigan, 2025
Faxonius propinquus are native crayfish to the Upper Midwest. They are burrowing crayfish that work the sediment and make small burrows with numerous openings. These crayfish are imperiled by Faxonius virilis which overlap in niche structure. We were interested in the impact of the chemical cues emanating from F. virilis on the sediment and burrowing nature of F. propinquus. We conducted a study at the University of Michigan's Biological Station using F. propinquus caught in nearby Douglas Lake. In addition, we collected marl substrate from where these animals are found. We created flow through mesocosms and placed F. propinquus in the mesocosm with marl substrate. Then upstream of this, we placed a F. virilis in a flow through container to allow chemical cues from F. virilis to reach F. propinquus. We did a 48 hour study where 24 hours were with a competitor chemical cue and 24 were without. This 48 cycle was repeated to provide discrete 48 hour replicates. We monitored sediment working behavior at night and during the day.
Microcystin-LR (one of the toxic congeners of microcystin) exposure causes crayfish to forget previous fight outcomes as well as previous opponents, MI, 2025
Harmful algal blooms are increasing across the globe as a function of nutrient run off and climate change. While the study of the mechanisms that underlie the blooms themselves are abundant, the impact of the toxins produced by blooms needs more research. Crayfish are keystone species in aquatic habitats and rely on chemoreception for many of their ecosystem functions. Crayfish were placed in a fight arena for measure both the outcome and dynamics aspects of agonistic encounters. Then the loser of the fights were exposed to either controls or microcystin for four days. Afterwards, the crayfish fought either another unfamiliar opponent or the previous opponent. The data contained in this package has the concentrations of microcystin exposure, morphological data on the crayfish, and then behavioral data from the two different fights. The behavioral data has two categories: time spent at different levels of intensity and time it took the crayfish pair to reach a certain intensity.
Biocomplexity at North Temperate Lakes LTER; Whole Lake Manipulations: Exotic Crayfish Removal 2001 - 2010
As part of a whole-lake experiment to overexploit a rusty crayfish (O. rusticus) population in Sparkling Lake, Vilas County, Wisconsin, crayfish were intensively trapped and removed from the lake from early to mid June through late August starting from 2001through 2008. From 2001 to 2004, removal traps were concentrated on the southern and western shorelines of the lake, where cobble is prevalent and catch rates were highest. Starting in 2005, additional traps were used and trapping effort was spread around the entire perimeter of the lake. Additional traps (perimeter) were set on standard arrays at 43 sites around the lake at 1 m deep from 2001 through 2006. In 2001 and 2003, traps (depth transect) were also set on standard arrays that ranged from 0.5 to 12 m deep. From 2001-2004, trap_site corresponds to one of the 43 standard sites where the trap was set. For perimeter and depth transect trapping, one trap is set at a trap site. During the removal trapping, 10 traps are set at each of the standard trapping sites. The trap_id identifier contains more information about the spatial location of a removal trap. From 2005-2008, traps were numbered sequentially moving clockwise around the lake starting at site 1, with no reference to standard trapping sites from previous years. In 2009, traps were set at the 43 standard sites. Capture data were recorded in 2009 but crayfish were not removed. Daily catch statistics: The data table Crayfish Daily Capture Summary provides the number of each species captured each day in the perimeter and removal traps. Also included are data on the number of traps pulled on that day and the number of trap_days these traps represent. These data can be used to calculate capture rates. The data table Crayfish Daily Capture by Station has daily catch statictics for 2009 at the capture site level. Crayfish length measurements: Prior to 2005, a crayfish that was measured could be associated with the specific trap in which it was captured. These l
North Temperate Lakes LTER: Sparkling Lake Crayfish 2001 - 2010
Adult crayfish (rusty and virile) trapped in Sparkling Lake between 2001 and 2010. In Sparkling lake Rusty Crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) was removed from 2001 to 2008. Catherine L Hein, Brian M Roth, Anthony R Ives, and M Jake Vander Zanden. Fish predation and trapping for rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) control: a whole-lake experiment. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 63(2): 383-393. https://doi.org/10.1139/f05-229.
Biocomplexity at North Temperate Lakes LTER; Coordinated Field Studies: Fish / Crayfish Abundance 2001 - 2004
Abundance data for fish and crayfish collected for Biocomplexity Project; Landscape Context - Coordinated Field Studies http://infotrek.er.usgs.gov/doc/wdnr_biology/Public_Stocking/StateMapHotspotsAllYears.htm - Infomation on fish stocking by Wisconsin Department of Natural Resouces in Biocomplexity Lakes. Sampling Frequency: annually Number of sites: 58
REU data set from summer of 2022. Project was designed to understand how crayfish (Faxonius rusticus) respond to chemical cues from largemouth bass predators under different shelter distributions.
Research into predator–prey interactions has focused on the landscape of fear and nonconsumptive effects that result from prey responses. Prey behavior is influenced by predator presence and the location and quality of foraging resources in habitats. These areas have been fruitful, but the role of prey refuges has lagged. We investigated how refuge spatial distribution and quality influence prey behavior. To determine the role of the landscape of safety (LOS) in prey decision-making, we altered spatial relationships between refuges, refuge quality, and predation threats in mesocosms. Mesocosms were constructed such that prey only received predatory chemical cues. We employed a behavioral assay including largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède, 1802): predator) and virile crayfish (Faxonius rusticus (Girard, 1852): prey). Crayfish shelter use was significantly influenced by quality and spatial relationship of shelters to predatory threats, and the interaction of these two factors. Particularly, crayfish used high-quality shelters more often when located closer to predatory cues than farther away and did not use low-quality shelters more than controls. High-quality shelter usage decreased as threat level (measured by gape ratio) decreased. These results support the idea that prey utilize an LOS, and information contained in these two landscapes may alter behavioral decisions.
Fish and crayfish density and count data for Peeks Creek, Macon County, NC, USA 2005-2014, 2019, and 2022 following a catastrophic debris flow, as well as six reference streams
We followed the process of recovery of the fish and crayfish assemblage in Peeks Creek, a high-gradient second order stream in the Little Tennessee River watershed of North Carolina, after a debris flow devastated the channel and its riparian zone. After 15 years, the fish assemblage had recovered, and the channel and riparian zone had stabilized. Of the three major components of the fish assemblage, Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)), a strong swimmer, reappeared in year 1. Longnose Dace (Rhinichthys cataractae (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes)) reappeared in year 3. Mottled Sculpin (Cottus bairdii Girard), a weak swimmer, did not become established until year 6 and only resumed expected abundance in year 9. Appalachian Brook Crayfish (Cambarus bartonii cavatus Hay) numbers recovered quickly, though only one individual was found the year following the debris flow. Unassisted natural recovery occurred after a costly engineered restoration project had been rejected and arguably represents the preferable solution. However, recovery of the fish assemblage may not have been achieved if the stream flowed directly into an impoundment or low gradient river that lacked the source of species for recolonization, or if the stream had been located above a barrier to upstream movement.
CFC01 Kings Creek long-term fish and crayfish community sampling at Konza Prairie
Prairie stream fish communities have been monitored seasonally at multiple sites within the Kings Creek watershed since 1995. The objective of this sampling is to evaluate how these communities respond to seasonal and annual variation in environmental conditions. Specifically, we are interesting in testing the resistance and resilience of stream communities in response to flood and drought disturbances. One site in a downstream perennial reach of the watershed has been sampled since 1995. Five sites have been sampled in smaller tributaries in the watershed, two were discontinued due to often lack of flow, two have been sampled since 1995 and one was added in 2008. Sampling is conducted with backpack electrofishing with at least one person dip netting. At each site, multiple habitats (pools and riffles) are sampled. Length of all fish and crayfish are measured.
North Temperate Lakes LTER: Crayfish Abundance 1981 - current
Crayfish data include crayfish catch in cylindrical minnow traps baited with beef liver and the occasional occurrence in other gear used to sample fish. Traps are now placed at fyke net locations in three study lakes (Big Muskellunge, Sparkling, and Trout), but historical data exists in nine study lakes (Allequash, Big Muskellunge, Crystal, Sparkling, Trout, Mendota, Monona, Wingra and Fish). Individuals are identified to species and counted. In Trout and Sparkling Lake more detailed surveys have been conducted during the summer on an ad hoc basis to track distribution and abundance of the invading species Orconectes rusticus. In Sparkling lake, Rusty Crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) was removed from 2001 to 2008. (Hein et al, https://doi.org/10.1139/f05-229). Additional data sets consist of pre-LTER sets (initiated in late June 1972) gathered by Capelli (Ph.D. dissertation) and Lorman (Ph.D. dissertation). Most of pre-LTER data is detailed distribution in Trout Lake, and community composition in other area lakes. Note that 2020 data does not exist due to insufficient sampling, and beach seining was discontinued after the 2019 season. Sampling Frequency: annually. Number of sites: 3
Aquatic macrophyte, snail, and crayfish abundance and richness data for ten lakes in Vilas County, WI, USA, 1987-2020
Data accompanying the paper Szydlowski et al. "Macrophyte and snail community responses to 30 years of population declines of invasive rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus)." Macrophytes and snails were sampled in ten lakes in Vilas County, Wisconsin, USA during summer sampling events in 1987, 2002, 2011, and 2020. Lakes had varying levels of invasion by F. rusticus, which affected measures of macrophytes and snails. Macrophytes were sampled using a point-intercept transect method and snails were sampled using different sampler types which were dependent on substrate. Macrophytes were sampled at 6-14 sites per lake and snails were sampled at 16-31 sites per lake. Crayfish were regularly sampled at either 24 or 36 sites per lake between 1987 and 2020. Overall, this dataset provides abundance and richness data for over 25 species of snails and over 40 species of macrophytes in 10 north temperate lakes.
Flow discharge impact competition for food and shelter between two overlapping species of crayfish
Competition between aquatic organisms is heavily influenced by abiotic factors in the environment, specifically flow regime in aquatic systems. Flow regime has been shown to significantly affect the way in which a species uses the environmental resources and alterations in flow can exasperate competitive advantages by congenerics. However, little work has concentrated on the competitive outcome between native and invasive organisms as a function of flow regime. Here, we sought to uncover how competition between two crayfish species (the native virile crayfish [Faxonius virilis] and invasive rusty crayfish [Faxonius rusticus]) was affected by varying flow rates. To do this, we size-matched crayfish and quantified three separate behaviors (food use, shelter use, and fights) of crayfish in four different discharge levels (no discharge—0 cm3/s; low discharge—116 cm3/s; intermediate discharge—345 cm3 /s; high discharge—450 cm3/s). We found that the number of foraging bouts was significantly (p < 0.001) influenced by discharge levels for both species, where rusty crayfish foraged more often in no and discharge. The number of times crayfish sheltered also varied between species and was significantly (p < 0.001) altered by discharge level, where rusty crayfish sheltered more often in no discharge and virile crayfish sheltered more in low and intermediate discharge levels. Similarly, the number of fights that crayfish engaged in also significantly (p < 0.001) depended upon species and discharge levels. Rusty crayfish engaged in more agonistic activities in no and high discharge levels while virile crayfish participated most often in low and intermediate discharge levels
North Temperate Lakes LTER: Crayfish Abundance 1981 - current (Reformatted to the ecocomDP Design Pattern)
This data package is formatted as an ecocomDP (Ecological Community Data Pattern). For more information on ecocomDP see https://github.com/EDIorg/ecocomDP. This Level 1 data package was derived from the Level 0 data package found here: https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/metadata/eml/knb-lter-ntl/3/29. The abstract below was extracted from the Level 0 data package and is included for context: Crayfish data include crayfish catch in cylindrical minnow traps baited with beef liver and occasional occurrence in other gear used to sample fish. Traps are placed at fyke net locations in nine study lakes (Allequash, Big Muskellunge, Crystal, Sparkling, Trout, Mendota, Monona, Wingra and Fish). Crayfish traps have been eliminated as gear in the Madison area lakes (Mendota, Monona, Wingra, and Fish) after 2003. Individuals are identified to species and counted. In Trout and Sparkling Lake more detailed surveys have been conducted during the summer on an ad hoc basis to track distribution and abundance of the invading species Orconectes rusticus. Additional data sets consist of pre-LTER sets (initiated in late June 1972) gathered by Capelli (Ph.D. dissertation) and Lorman (Ph.D. dissertation). Most of pre-LTER data is detailed distribution in Trout Lake, and community composition in other area lakes. Sampling Frequency: annually Number of sites: 9 Note that 2020 data does not exist due to insufficient sampling.
[DEPRECATED] CFC01 Kings Creek long-term fish and crayfish community sampling at Konza Prairie (Reformatted to ecocomDP Design Pattern)
This data package has been deprecated due to several issues in the L0 source dataset that prohibits the creation of an L1 ecocomDP dataset. This data package is formatted according to the "ecocomDP", a data package design pattern for ecological community surveys, and data from studies of composition and biodiversity. For more information on the ecocomDP project see https://github.com/EDIorg/ecocomDP/tree/master, or contact EDI https://environmentaldatainitiative.org. This Level 1 data package was derived from the Level 0 data package found here: https://portal.edirepository.org/nis/mapbrowse?scope=knb-lter-knz&identifier=130&revision=4 The abstract below was extracted from the Level 0 data package and is included for context:
Long-Term Slough Crayfish (Procambarus fallax) Densities in the Florida Everglades from Throw Trap Sampling, Florida, USA, February 1996-December 2016
Densities of slough crayfish (Procambarus fallax) were collected throughout the Florida Everglades using 1-m2 throw-trapping samples from 1996–2016. Data were collected in four distinct regions within the Everglades (Shark River Slough, Taylor Slough, Water Conservation Area 3A and 3B) and during five seasonal periods each year. Each region consists of a series of sites, and each site consists of 3–5 sampling plots. The plot scale defines the unique sampling unit in the study, and 5–7 replicate throws were conducted at each plot. Corresponding hydrologic data were collected in conjunction with crayfish observations. These data describe antecedent average water depths, along with the duration of previous wet and dry conditions. Antecedent conditions were calculated by using both in situ measurements, as well as model output from the Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN). Additional hydrologic data are provided in the LD_0 dataset, which describes daily depths measurements at sampling plots, as well as the length of antecedent complete drying events (LD_0). The length of antecedent dry conditions is assessed in R script FCE1267_01_LD_Depths, while the crayfish modeling code is described in FCE1267_02_Modeling_Code.
Figure 4 in New endemic species of freshwater crayfish Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae) from the Atlantic forest in southern Brazil
Figure 4. Parastacus pilicarpus sp. nov. A, habitus dorsal view (holotype); B, cephalon dorsal view (holotype); C, cephalon lateral view (holotype); D, female pleon, dorsal view (paratype 1); E, male first to third pleonal pleura (holotype); F, female first to third pleonal pleura (paratype 1); G, telson and uropods dorsal view (holotype). Scale bars: A, D, F – 1 cm; E - 5 mm; C, G – 3.33 mm; B – 2.5 mm.
Figure 8 in New endemic species of freshwater crayfish Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae) from the Atlantic forest in southern Brazil
Figure 8. Distribution of Parastacus buckupi sp. nov. (star) and P. pilicarpus sp. nov. (triangle) in the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, southern Brazil.
Figure 7 in New endemic species of freshwater crayfish Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae) from the Atlantic forest in southern Brazil
Figure 7. Comparative board of the chelipeds of selected species of genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 with pilous cutting edge of fingers. A – P. buckupi sp. nov. (holotype); B – P. pilicarpus sp. nov. (holotype); C – P. fluviatilis Ribeiro & Buckup in Ribeiro et al. (2016) (UFRGS 2704); D – P. pilimanus (von Martens, 1869) (UFRGS 2413, CL 38.74). Scale bars: 1 cm.
Figure 6 in New endemic species of freshwater crayfish Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae) from the Atlantic forest in southern Brazil
Figure 6. Parastacus pilicarpus sp. nov., habitat and living specimens. A, B, Typical habitat, a first order stream in the municipality of Morro Grande, state of Santa Catarina; C, living specimen. Photographs by Caio R. M. Feltrin. No available information of scale in photograph C.
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