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30 results for “crop rotation”
Soil microbial community coupling network in response to diversified crop rotations
<p>Dataset of manuscript entitled “Soil microbial community coupling network in response to diversified crop rotations”. This manuscript includes the results of WP3 from the SOFT project (ref. 890874).</p>
TLS Z+F Imager 5010 point clouds of hybrid poplar trees from short-rotation crops after 5, 6, and 7 growing seasons
<p>The point clouds are obtained from hybrid poplar crops installed in NE Romania, managed in short rotation (SRWCs) between 5, 6, and 7 growing seasons. The crops were planted every spring, outside the growing season, at a depth of 0.6 m in the ground with two clones: AF8 and Pannonia. Rods (2-meter-long cuttings) were used as planting material at a density of 1667 trees per ha (3 x 2 m). The scanning of the sample areas (3 x 10 trees for each variant, about 6 x 10 m) was outside the growing seasons.</p><p>The 3D model was obtained using the Z+F Imager 5010 (Zoller and Fröhlich, Wangen, Germany), phase-shift type, providing a distance estimation accuracy of ±1 mm at 25 m and a nominal range of 187 m, and the tree individualization was done in CloudCompare v.2.12 (public license). A total of six station points and eight fixed targets or remarks (200 mm spheres) for co-registration were adopted for scanning. Trees included in the survey (without leaves) were marked with a ring of adhesive tape (black with yellow, 50 mm wide) at 1.4 m height on the tree spindle to adjust the results for calibration. Individually segmented trees can be sent on request, the database has a limit of 100 files. They can be converted into different formats via the CloudCompare application.</p><p>File code: clone type _ number of growing seasons _ plot number</p>
Data from: Earthworms do not increase greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 and N2O) in an ecotron experiment simulating a realistic three-crop rotation system
<p><span>Earthworms are known to stimulate soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but the majority of previous studies have used simplified model systems or lacked continuous high-frequency measurements. To address this, we conducted a two-year study using large lysimeters (</span><span>5 m<sup>2</sup> area and 1.5 m soil depth) </span><span>in an ecotron facility, continuously measuring ecosystem-level CO<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, and H<sub>2</sub>O fluxes. We investigated the impact of endogeic and anecic earthworms on GHG emissions and ecosystem water use efficiency (WUE) in a simulated agricultural setting. Although we observed transient stimulations of carbon fluxes in the presence of earthworms, cumulative fluxes over the study indicated no significant increase in CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. Endogeic earthworms reduced N<sub>2</sub>O emissions during the wheat culture (-44.6%), but this effect was not sustained throughout the experiment. No consistent effects on ecosystem evapotranspiration or WUE were found. Our study suggests that earthworms do not significantly contribute to GHG emissions over a two-year period in experimental conditions that mimic an agricultural setting. These findings highlight the need for realistic experiments and continuous GHG measurements.</span></p>
Figure 6. (a1), (a2), (a3), (a4), (a5), (a6), (a7) and (a8) watermarked image is degraded respectively through JPEG2000 compression, JPEG compression, median filtering, adding Salt&Pepper noise, rotating, center cropping, surrounding cropping and scaling. (b1), (b2), (b3), (b4), (b5), (b6), (b7) and (b8) The corresponding extracted watermarks.-Discrete Wavelet Transform Method: A New Optimized Robust Digital Image Watermarking Scheme
<p>This paper has described a scheme for digital watermarking of still images based on discrete<br> wavelet transform. In the proposed method, the embedded logo watermark can be extracted without<br> access to the original image. It has been confirmed that the proposed watermarking method is able<br> to extract the embedded logo watermark from the watermarked images that have degraded through<br> compression, filtering, cropping and scaling. Although this algorithm is not robust against rotation,<br> it can completely extract the watermark from watermarked images that lose about 35% of their<br> areas by cropping attack.</p>
Figure 4 in The amount of mulch increases the abundance, and its composition the species diversity of springtails in crop rotation on chernozem soils
Figure 4. Non-metric PCoA plots of the Collembola community The Jaccard similarity coefficient was taken as the distance between dots. (A) plant residues of peas, (B) plant residues of wheat.
How Tillage and Crop Rotation Change the Distribution Pattern of Fungi. - Dataset
<p>In this section you can find the raw sequences and the metadata associated to the paper: Orrù, L., Canfora, L., Trinchera, A., Migliore, M., Pennelli, B., Marcucci, A., Farina, R., Pinzari, F. (2021). How tillage and crop rotation change the distribution pattern of fungi. published in <em>Frontiers in Microbiology</em>, <em>12</em>, 1469</p>
Input data to model multiple effects of large-scale deployment of grass in crop-rotations at European scale
<p>This is the input dataset to a Python script (<a href="https://github.com/oskeng/MF-bio-grass">https://github.com/oskeng/MF-bio-grass</a>) used to model the effects of widespread deployment of grass in rotations with annual crops to provide biomass while remediating soil organic carbon (SOC) losses and other environmental impacts.</p> <p>For more information about the dataset and the study, see the original article:</p> <p>Englund, O., Mola-Yudego, B., Börjesson, P., Cederberg, C., Dimitriou, I., Scarlat, N., Berndes, G. Large-scale deployment of grass in crop rotations as a multifunctional climate mitigation strategy. GCB Bioenergy</p>
Input data to model multiple effects of large-scale deployment of grass in crop-rotations at European scale
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Data from: Earthworms do not increase greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 and N2O) in an ecotron experiment simulating a realistic three-crop rotation system
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Ecological impacts of pesticide seed treatments on arthropod communities in a grain crop rotation
<p>1. While many studies have investigated non-target impacts of neonicotinoid seed treatments (NSTs), they usually take place within a single crop and focus on specific pest or beneficial arthropod taxa.</p> <p>2. We compared the impacts of three seed treatments to an untreated control: imidacloprid + fungicide products, thiamethoxam + fungicide products, and fungicide products alone in a three-year crop rotation of full-season soybean, winter wheat, double-cropped soybean and maize. Specifically, we quantified neonicotinoid residues in the soil and in weedy winter annual flower buds and examined treatment impacts on soil and foliar arthropod communities as well as on plant growth and yield.</p> <p>3. Unquantifiably low amounts of insecticide were found in winter annual flowers of one species in one site year, which did not correspond with our treatments. Although low levels of insecticide residues were present in the soil, residues were not persistent. Residues were highest in the final year of the study, suggesting some accumulation.</p> <p>4. We observed variable impacts of NSTs on the arthropod community; principle response curve and redundancy analyses exhibited occasional treatment effects, with treatments impacting the abundance of various taxa, including predators and parasitoids. Overall, foliar taxa were impacted more than soil taxa, and the fungicides occasionally effected communities and individual taxa.</p> <p>5. Pest pressure was low throughout the study, and although pest numbers were reduced by the insecticides, corresponding increases in yield were not observed.</p> <p>6. <i>Synthesis and applications.</i> Pesticide seed treatments can impact arthropod taxa, including important natural enemies even when environmental persistence and active ingredient concentrations are low. The foliar community in winter wheat showed that in some cases, these impacts can last for several months after planting. Given the low pest pressure and lack of yield improvement in full-season and double-cropped soybean, winter wheat, and maize, we did not observe benefits that could justify the risks associated with neonicotinoid seed treatment (NST) use. Our results suggest that NSTs are not warranted in Maryland grain production, outside of specific instances of high pest pressure.</p>
Short rotation woody crop decision support system
<p>From http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr169</p> <p>Plantations of short-rotation woody crops (SRWCs) use fast-growing tree species that coppice, i.e., resprout from the stump, for repeated harvests that minimize planting costs. Under coppice management, 3–5 growth stages (coppices) can be harvested during the SWRC life (rotation or cycle), with each coppice lasting 2–10 years. SRWCs can produce wood for biomass, mulch, pulpwood, and other products, while also providing environmental services. For example, SRWC plantations can be irrigated with municipal wastewater or fertilized with treated biosolids or municipal compost, simultaneously increasing biomass production, reducing fertilizer costs, and intercepting nitrates and phosphates to reduce nutrient loading in waterways (Rosenqvist et al. 1997; Labrecque et al. 1997; Aronsson & Perttu 2001; Rockwood et al. 2004; Licht & Isebrands 2005; Langholtz et al. 2005; Mirck et al. 2005). SRWCs can also help build soil organic matter, recycle nutrients, and maintain vegetative cover to restore ecological functions of mined lands and other degraded lands (Stricker et al. 1993; Bungart & Huttl 2001; Rockwood et al. 2006). SRWCs established on agricultural lands as shelterbelts or buffer zones to protect riparian areas are likely to reduce soil erosion and runoff of agricultural inputs and improve wildlife habitat (Joslin & Schoenholtz 1997; Tolbert & Wright 1998; Thornton et al. 1998). In spite of these benefits, SRWC production is not always economically viable, and evaluating the economics of SRWC production is not easy.</p> <p>Because SRWCs can have multiple coppices per rotation, evaluating the economics of SRWCs is more complicated than that of conventional forestry. For example, in the evaluation of a pine plantation, the future value of harvested timber is discounted to the year of planting, and planting costs are subtracted to calculate the net present value (NPV) of one harvest rotation. NPV is then used to calculate land expectation value (LEV), i.e. the value of the land assuming the adoption of this forestry practice. However, in the case of SRWC systems, multiple coppices require that the value of every coppice is discounted to the beginning of the rotation. Furthermore, the costs associated with establishment of each rotation and coppice stage must be discounted differently, and determining the optimum harvest scheduling and replanting age is also more complicated than for conventional forestry. Theory behind economic evaluation and optimization of SRWCs is described by Medema & Lyon (1985), Tait (1986), and Smart & Burgess (2000). Economics of SRWC systems in Florida are evaluated by Langholtz et al.<em> </em>(2005; 2007).</p> <p> </p> <p>The Florida Institute of Phosphate Research (FIPR) has supported research in the development of SRWCs as commercial tree crops on phosphate mined lands in Florida. A product of this research is a SRWC Decision Support System (DSS) that can be used to evaluate the economic viability of SRWC systems. The DSS allows a user to input operational costs, planting densities, stumpage prices and other variables and calculate NPVs, LEV, equal annual equivalent (EAE), internal rate of return (IRR), and benefit/cost ratio of a SRWC system. The DSS is in the form of a Microsoft® Excel spreadsheet (Figure 1).</p> <p>The DSS allows users to enter variables in yellow cells in the “Inputs” section on the left side of the worksheet and view results in green cells in the “Outputs” section on the right. Input variables include stumpage price, capital cost, and costs of each start-up, rotation, coppice, and year. The user can specify what portion of total biomass is harvested, the number of coppices, and their harvest ages. Financial incentives for renewable energy or other environmental benefits can be incorporated on a per-ton basis in the stumpage price. The DSS uses growth and yield functions developed from measurements of two planting densities of <em>Eucalyptus amplifolia</em> in a field trial of SRWCs on a phosphate mine clay settling area (CSA) near Lakeland, FL. Yields for each growth stage are displayed, and can be modified by adjusting the initial planting density or by adjusting yields under the general parameters. Ranges of values used to assess SRWC production on CSAs are shown in Table 1.</p> <p>Under all possible combinations of the assumptions in Table 1, the profitability of <em>E. amplifolia</em> on CSAs varies widely, with LEVs ranging from -$909 to $6,740 acre<sup>-1</sup>. Under the base case scenario identified in Table 1, the resulting LEV is $308 acre<sup>-1</sup> assuming an interest rate of 10% and $2,633 acre<sup>-1</sup> assuming an interest rate of 4%. LEV, EAE, and IRR results of the base case scenario under a range of discount rates and stumpage prices are shown in Table 2.</p> <p>This DSS does not automatically determine optimum harvest ages or the optimum number of stages per cycle, which both require dual optimization of continuous functions. DSS users can either input probable harvest and replanting ages and “zero in” inputs to maximize economic returns, or contact the authors to arrange a customized DSS. The DSS in either Excel or MathCad format could be modified to incorporate alternative growth and yield functions that might be developed for other SRWC species or conditions. For more information see the FIPR report “Commercial Tree Crops for Phosphate Mined Lands”, Rockwood et al. (in press).</p> <p> </p> <p>From http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr169</p>
Plant-soil feedback and crop rotation
<p>Plant-soil feedback (PSF) can be a major driver of plant performance in communities, and this concept can be used in selecting crop rotation sequences to maximize agricultural yields. Potential benefits of using PSF in this context include nutrient use optimization, pathogen reduction and enhancement of mutualisms between crops and microbes. Yet, the contributions of these combined mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we investigated the relative contributions of these mechanisms using five major crops commonly cultivated in rotation (alfalfa, canola, maize, soybean and wheat) under controlled conditions. We trained soil by growing each of the five crops in a 'training phase', and then reciprocally planted the five crops in the trained soils in a 'feedback phase'. To tease out soil biota from nutrient effects, we established three treatments: 'control' (trained unsterilized soil used in the feedback phases), 'biota' (sterilized soil in the feedback phase inoculated with soil biota from the 'control' treatment after the training phase), and 'nutrient' (sterilized soils in both phases). Plant-soil feedback for each crop was calculated by comparing the total biomass of each crop grown in soils trained by each of the four other crops (i.e., in rotation) against total biomass in self-trained soil (i.e., monocropping). We found that PSF values varied among crop combinations in all the treatments, but such variation was the greatest in the 'nutrient' treatment. Overall, soil 'biota' feedback tended to be lower whereas 'nutrient' feedback tended to be greater compared to the unsterilized 'control' soil, suggesting that effects of antagonistic biota outweighed those of beneficial microbes in the 'biota' treatment, and that plants optimized nutrient uptake when the soil microbiome was absent in the 'nutrient' treatment. Furthermore, soils in the 'nutrient' treatment trained by the legume crops (alfalfa and soybean) tended to provide the greatest positive feedback, emphasizing the important legacy of N<sub>2</sub>-fixers in crop rotation. Taken together, our data demonstrate how nutrients and soil biota can be integral to PSFs among crops, and that assessing PSFs under controlled conditions can serve as a basis to determine the most productive crop rotation sequences prior to field testing.</p>
Terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) and destructive measurements in short-rotation woody crops (SRWCs) in NE of Romania
<p>The data are obtained from hybrid poplar crops installed in NE Romania, managed in short rotation (SRWCs) between 5, 6, and 7 growing seasons. Planted every spring, outside the growing season, at a depth of 0.6 m in the ground with two clones: AF8 and Pannonia. Rods (2 m long cuttings) were used as planting material for a density of 1667 trees/ha (3 x 2 m). For the estimation of volume and biomass, scans and gravimetric measurements were performed on tree component parts (trunk/stem and branches). Scanning of the sample areas (3 x 10 trees for each variant) was carried out using the Z+F Imager 5010. The scanning period was outside the growing seasons. The destructive (gravimetric) method of estimating biomass involves weighing the trees (184 in total) by component parts: trunk and branches (10 g accuracy). The moisture content of the components was determined by drying the samples (wood discs and branches) at a temperature of 105 °C to a constant mass. The QSM Model in MatLab was used for tree volume reconstruction. Where d is the diameter (cm) - measured at the base and at 1 m height, h (m) is the total height - measured after harvesting by roulette and by QSM reconstruction (after TLS scan). B (kg) is the dry mass of the whole tree (tot = branches + stem) and stem, and V (litres/ dm3) is the tree volume (tot) for the whole tree and stem. Branch weight results by difference for both variables.</p>
Figure S1 in The amount of mulch increases the abundance, and its composition the species diversity of springtails in crop rotation on chernozem soils
Figure S1. Residual plots for GLMM
Integrating perennial biomass crops into crop rotations: How to remove miscanthus and switchgrass without glyphosate
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Perennial energy grasses have gained attention in recent years as a promising resource for the bioeconomy because of their benign environmental profile, high stress tolerance, high biomass yields and low input requirements. Currently, strong breeding efforts are being made to extend the range of commercially available miscanthus and switchgrass genotypes. In order to foster farmers' acceptance of these crops, and especially of novel hybrids, more information is required about how they can be efficiently integrated into cropping rotations, how they can be removed at the end of their productive lifespan, and what effect they have on subsequently grown crops. Farmers in Europe are meanwhile increasingly constrained in the methods available to them to remove these crops, and there is a risk that the herbicide glyphosate, which has been used in many studies to remove them, will be banned in coming years. This study looks at the removal of seven-year-old stands of miscanthus and switchgrass over one year at an experimental site in Southern-Germany. Three novel miscanthus genotypes were studied, alongside one variety of switchgrass, and the impact of each crop's removal on the yield of maize grown as a follow-on crop was examined. A combination of soil tillage and grass herbicides for maize cultivation was successful in controlling miscanthus regrowth, such that yields of maize grown after miscanthus did not differ significantly from yields of maize grown in monoculture rotation (18.1 t dry biomass ha<sup>-1</sup>). Yields of maize grown after switchgrass (14.4 t dry biomass ha<sup>-1</sup>) were significantly lower than maize in monoculture rotation caused by insufficient control of switchgrass regrowth by the applied maize herbicide. Although some regrowth of miscanthus and switchgrass was observed in the follow-on crop maize, complete eradication of both crops was achieved by subsequent winter wheat cultivation.</span></p>
Plant-soil feedback and crop rotation
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Data from: Impacts of rotation, tillage, cover cropping, and drainage on soil health in soybean-based cropping systems: Evidence from 4–50-year trials across the US
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Integrating perennial biomass crops into crop rotations: How to remove miscanthus and switchgrass without glyphosate
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Ecological impacts of pesticide seed treatments on arthropod communities in a grain crop rotation
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Long-term evidence shows crop-rotation diversification increases agricultural resilience to adverse growing conditions in North America
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