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FIG. 6 in Biological and cultural history of domesticated dogs in the Americas

FIG. 6. — Selection of skulls of dog breeds originating in the Americas (selection not exhaustive). These dogs demonstrate the great variation in skull shape and body size of modern American breeds, from slender to short snouted and from giant to dwarf sized varieties, including hairless forms with oligodontia. A, Chesapeake Bay Retriever (NMBE 1051681);B, Alaskan Malamute (NMBE 1051387);C, Chihuahua (NMBE 1052001);D, Fila Brasileiro (I.f.H. 14005, mirrored);E, Mexican hairless dog (ZMUZH 13754); F, Peruvian hairless dog (NMBE 1062857); G, Boston Terrier (NMBE 1051959); H, Newfoundland (NMBE 1050502). Abbreviations: I.f.H., Zoologisches Institut/Populationsgenetik (former Institut für Haustierkunde), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany; NMBE, collection of the Albert-Heim-Foundation at the Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, Switzerland;ZMUZH, Zoologisches Museum der Universität Zürich, Switzerland. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 3 in Biological and cultural history of domesticated dogs in the Americas

FIG. 3. — Drawings of skulls of pre-Columbian domestic dogs. These drawings were published as part of Alfred Nehring's work (1884) and show skulls of domestic dogs that have been excavated in the Inca burial ground of Ancon, Peru. The same skulls are also depicted in Figure 2. A, shepherd-like dog in ventral view; B, bulldog-like dog in ventral view; C, same dog as in B but from dorsal view. Drawings are not to scale.

FIG. 1 in Biological and cultural history of domesticated dogs in the Americas

FIG. 1. — "Canis mexicana", a domestic dog with peculiar humps and apparent muscle hypertrophy, as depicted in 1651 by Hernández in his Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae thesaurus (Hernández 1992). Previously dismissed as a caricature (Ueck 1961), it may actually illustrate a phenotype associated with mutations in the myostatin gene. Picture retrieved from Internet Archive https://archive.org/details/rerummedicarumno00hern/page/466/mode/1up, last consultation on 30 November 2021.

FIG. 5 in Biological and cultural history of domesticated dogs in the Americas

FIG. 5. — Photos of selected dog breeds originating in the Americas. A-J, dogs from North America; K-P, dogs from South and Central America and Cuba. All photo images are from Shutterstock, photo credit is indicated in parenthesis. A, Alaskan Malamute, 19 months old (Eric Isselee); B, Longhaired whippet (MirasWonderland); C, American bulldog puppy, five months old (Erik Lam); D, American cocker spaniel standing with reflection on white background, three years old (WilleeCole Photography); E, three American hairless terriers (Dora Zett); F, Chesapeake Bay retriever (Erik Lam); G, American Akita (Jagodka); H, Silken Windhound (Erik Lam); I, Siberian Husky, four years old (Eric Isselee); J, Miniature American shepherd (MirasWonderland); K, young chihuahuas (cynoclub); L, Xoloitzcuintli,Mexican hairless dog (Masarik); M, Peruvian hairless dog, one year old (Rosa Jay); N, young Bichon Havanese dog (Dorottya Mathe); O, Brazilian Fox-terrier (venturinirica); P, Argentinian Dogo (GeptaYs).

FIG. 2 in Biological and cultural history of domesticated dogs in the Americas

FIG. 2. — Remains of pre-Columbian domestic dogs as reported in the nineteenth century. Drawings of remains of domestic dogs excavated from the graves of Ancon in Peru, as depicted in Reiss & Stübel (1880-1886: plates 117, 118; picture modified to exclude the depiction of a fox-like animal). A, mummies, as well as skull with mandible of one mummy, of shepherd-like domestic dogs; B, skulls and mandibles of shepherd-like, dachshund-like, and bulldog-like domestic dogs as well as long bones of the forelimb of a dachshund-like domestic dog. Two of these skulls are also depicted in Figure 3. Available from the IberoAmerikanisches Institut (Preussischer Kulturbesitz), https://digital.iai.spk-berlin.de/viewer/image/1681616637/225/ and https://digital.iai.spk-berlin.de/viewer/ image/1681616637/229/, last consultation on 30 November 2021. Drawings are not to scale.

FIG. 4 in Biological and cultural history of domesticated dogs in the Americas

FIG. 4. — Skulls of putative pre-Columbian domestic dogs at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Germany. Skulls are housed in the Nehring-Collection (Zoologische Sammlung der KÖniglichen Landwirtschaftlichen Hochschule zu Berlin). A, "Inca dog" from Ancon (Zm 355), Peru (Nehring 1884), annotated as "Inca dog from Ancon, 1889" (as noted in the collection catalogue [1886] and as written on the actual specimen). This specimen most likely does not belong to the collection described by Nehring (1884: fig. 3) and Reiss & Stübel (1880-1886: fig. 1), which also originated from the graves in Ancon, Peru, but which are assumed to have been destroyed in the World Wars (Ueck 1961; B, C, Pre-Columbian dogs (7031 and 7013) from Puebla, Mexico, Nehring-Collection. Specimens are without present-day collection numbers. Every skull is depicted in dorsal, ventral, and lateral view (from left to right), where the lateral view of B is mirrored. B, "7031" and C, "7013" although also housed in the Nehring-Collection, were found by Prof. Seler in Berlin (as described in the collection files). In contrast to A, these apparently unpublished remains are described as "from an old grave in the district Chalchicomula, close to Jalapazco, Puebla Mexico". Further, both skulls are described as to be "surely from a time before the conquest of Mexico". Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 7 in Biological and cultural history of domesticated dogs in the Americas

FIG. 7. — Cranium of a Salish woolly dog (Specimen #1) excavated in 1977 from the Semiahmoo Spit, WA (45WH17), dated to 900-420 years BP (Montgomery 1979): A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, occlusal view. Scale bar: 1 cm.

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

Data for: Holocene history of the landscape at the biogeographical and cultural crossroads between Central and Eastern Europe (Western Podillia, Ukraine)

Here, we publish the working data sheets for individual proxies (pollen, plant macrofossils, mollusc and geochemical composition), which was used for paleoecological diagrams in the paper Hájková et al. in Quaternary Science Reviews.

FIG. 7. — A in The culture collection of cyanobacteria and microalgae at the French National Museum of Natural History: a century old but still alive and kicking! Including in memoriam: Professor Alain Couté

FIG. 7. — A, geographical distribution of cyanobacterial strains isolated around the world; B, strains isolated in the different administrative districts of France (metropolitan and overseas). Number of cyanobacterial strains in black, number of eukaryotic strains in blue. Strains isolated in France represent 58.0 % and 98.4 % of cyanobacterial and eukaryotic strains, respectively, in the collection.

FIG. 10 in The culture collection of cyanobacteria and microalgae at the French National Museum of Natural History: a century old but still alive and kicking! Including in memoriam: Professor Alain Couté

FIG. 10. — Culture of Onychonema filiforme (MNHN-ALCP-0000-086.1): A, from the 1948 catalogue of the algotheca (photo: R. Lami); B, the same culture observed in 2021 (photo: M. Jarno).

FIG. 5 in The culture collection of cyanobacteria and microalgae at the French National Museum of Natural History: a century old but still alive and kicking! Including in memoriam: Professor Alain Couté

FIG. 5. — Relative abundances of the different orders among the 1010 live strains represented in the cyanobacteria collection (left) and of the different phyla among the 345 live strains represented in the eukaryotic microalgae collection (right).

FIG. 6 in The culture collection of cyanobacteria and microalgae at the French National Museum of Natural History: a century old but still alive and kicking! Including in memoriam: Professor Alain Couté

FIG. 6. — Morphological diversity of cyanobacterial strains:A, B, Pseudochroococcus couteii (MNHN-PMC-2014-885); C, D, Planktothrix agardhii (MNHN-PMC-2002-75); E, F, Aphanizomenon gracile (MNHN-PMC-2010-627); G, H, Haloleptolyngbya elongata (MNHN-PMC-2015-895). Abbreviations: ae, aerotope; cc, cross-walls; cy, cyanophycin granules; cw, cell wall; mu, mucilage; r, reserves; s, sheath; tz, transparent zone; t, thylakoids. A, C, E, G: light microscopy; B, D, F, H: TEM micrographs. Scale bars: A, C, E, G, 10 µm; B, D, F, H, 500 nm.

FIG. 4 in The culture collection of cyanobacteria and microalgae at the French National Museum of Natural History: a century old but still alive and kicking! Including in memoriam: Professor Alain Couté

FIG. 4. — Emission spectra produced by Cool Daylight FLUO MAZDA (red) and White LEDs SLV (blue), both at a 85 μmol.m-2.s-1 (PAR) irradiance.

FIG. 1 in The culture collection of cyanobacteria and microalgae at the French National Museum of Natural History: a century old but still alive and kicking! Including in memoriam: Professor Alain Couté

FIG. 1. — From left to right: Pierre Allorge (1891-1944), Marcel Lefèvre (1897-1975) & Pierre Bourrelly (1910-1995).

FIG. 2 in The culture collection of cyanobacteria and microalgae at the French National Museum of Natural History: a century old but still alive and kicking! Including in memoriam: Professor Alain Couté

FIG. 2. — The "algothèque" in the Cryptogamy laboratory of the French National Museum of Natural History in Paris in 1935 and in 2021.

FIG. 3 in The culture collection of cyanobacteria and microalgae at the French National Museum of Natural History: a century old but still alive and kicking! Including in memoriam: Professor Alain Couté

FIG. 3. — Phylogeny of the 265 cyanobacterial strains for which a 16S rRNA sequence was obtained (see Appendix 1 for Genbank accession numbers and PMC identifiers). Phylogenetic reconstruction was based on Maximum likelihood with a GTR+G+I Model (5 categories and invariants) based on 1284 nucleotide positions, values at nodes were based on 100 bootstrap replicates. The number of strains (OTUs) is added when more than a single strain is available.

FIG. 8. — A, B in The culture collection of cyanobacteria and microalgae at the French National Museum of Natural History: a century old but still alive and kicking! Including in memoriam: Professor Alain Couté

FIG. 8. — A, B, Staurastrum polytrichum (MNHN-ALCP-2019-823.2), solitary cells with very deep median constriction (isthmus) dividing the cell into two semicells or hemisomates. SEM images show triangular semicells in apical view with straight sides, broadly rounded angles and many inframarginal spines (sp). Cell surface ornemented with pores. C, D, Cosmarium connatum (MNHN-ALCP-2019-832.1), solitary cells, lateral view with a barely marked isthmus (i) and smooth cell wall with pores. E, F, Synura petersenii (MNHN-ALCP-2019-877.3), colony and scales morphology. SEM images show rows of silica scales around individual cells. Scales with well-developed thorns (t). Ribs (r) running from the thorn to the scale perimeter up to the outer rim. G, H, Micrasterias furcata (MNHN-ALCP-2019-821.5), solitary cells, deeply constricted and dorsiventrally compressed. Semicells dissected into a polar lobe (p) divided into the second order. Lateral lobes (l) themselves divides into second and third order (or many times) ending with two simple spines (s). A, C, E, G: light microscopy; B, D, F, H: SEM micrographs. Scale bars: A, C, E, G, 20 µm; B, D, F, H, 10 µm.

FIG. 9 in The culture collection of cyanobacteria and microalgae at the French National Museum of Natural History: a century old but still alive and kicking! Including in memoriam: Professor Alain Couté

FIG. 9. — Example of morphological diversity among eukaryotic algae strains from ALCP collection: A, Centronella reicheltii (MNHN-ALCP-2020-884.1); B, Euglena gracilis (MNHN-ALCP-0000-006.3); C, Gymnodinium sp. (MNHN-ALCP-2019-879.1); D, Synura petersenii (MNHN-ALCP-2019-877.3); E, Chlorobotrys sp. (MNHN-ALCP-0000-003.1); F, Porphyridium purpureum (MNHN-ALCP-0000-100.2); G, Stigeoclonium sp. (MNHN-ALCP-2019-854.1); H, Oedogonium sp. (MNHN-ALCP-2019-867.1); I, Gonium formosum (MNHN-ALCP-2019-819.1); J, Haematococcus pluvialis (MNHN-ALCP-2019-876.1); K, Kirchneriella lunaris (MNHN-ALCP-0000-073.1); L, Monoraphidium sp. (MNHN-ALCP-2019-822.1); M, Dictyosphaerium pulchellum (MNHN-ALCP-2019-865.1); N, Picocystis salinarum (MNHN-ALCP-2018-144.1); O, Staurastrum sp. (MNHN-ALCP-2019-836.1); P, Spirogyra sp. (MNHN-ALCP-2019-858.1). Scale bars: 20 μm.