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12 results for “cyanogenesis”
Figure 3 in Phenolic substances and cyanogenesis in galled and non-galled tissue of the fern species Microgramma vacciniifolia
Figure 3. PCoA (Principal Coordinates Analysis) ordination diagram for the presence and absence of the phenolic substances in galled and non-galled tissue of the Microgramma vacciniifolia. SNM (stem non-galled by midge), MIG (midge-induced galls), MIGP (midgeinduced galls attacked by parasitoids), SNMM (stem non-galled by micromoth), MMIG (micromoth-induced galls)
Figure 2 in Phenolic substances and cyanogenesis in galled and non-galled tissue of the fern species Microgramma vacciniifolia
Figure 2. Chromatogram and ultraviolet (UV) spectra of methanolic Microgramma vacciniifolia extracts. MMIG (micromoth-induced galls), MIG (midge-induced galls), MIGP (midge-induced galls attacked by parasitoids).
Figure 1 in Phenolic substances and cyanogenesis in galled and non-galled tissue of the fern species Microgramma vacciniifolia
Figure 1. Chromatogram and ultraviolet (UV) spectra of methanolic Microgramma vacciniifolia extracts. SNMM (stem non-galled by micromoth), SNM (stem non-galled by midge).
Data for: Interactions between environmental factors drive selection on cyanogenesis in Trifolium repens
<p>Phenotypic and genetic clines frequently evolve due to varying selection along environmental gradients. However, the specific environmental factors that impose differential selection are often multivariate and difficult to tease apart. We addressed this complexity using a factorial manipulation of watering, soil nutrients, and (simulated) herbivory in controlled conditions to better understand the agents of selection driving the evolution of clines in a polymorphic chemical antiherbivore defence, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), of the plant white clover (Trifolium repens L.). We found the presence or absence of the two metabolic components required for HCN production (cyanogenic glucosides and linamarase) to be more prominent determinants of vegetative growth and sexual reproduction in T. repens than HCN itself. We also found that the ability to produce one or both of cyanogenic glucosides or linamarase resulted in a growth advantage under drought and simulated herbivory that outweighs the metabolic cost of their production. These results support the view that the metabolic components underlying HCN play important roles beyond defence by increasing plant tolerance to stress. The growth advantage under drought, however, was diminished in the absence of nutrient addition, consistent with multivariate interactions as drivers of selection. This study provides novel insight into how a cosmopolitan plant has adapted to environmental gradients, and more generally, highlights the importance of considering interactions between multiple environmental factors when studying the evolution of phenotypic and genetic clines.</p>
Data for: Interactions between environmental factors drive selection on cyanogenesis in Trifolium repens
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Beyond cyanogenesis: Temperature gradients drive environmental adaptation in North American white clover (Trifolium repens L.)
<p>Species that repeatedly evolve phenotypic clines across environmental gradients have been highlighted as ideal systems for characterizing the genomic basis of local environmental adaptation. However, few studies have assessed the importance of observed phenotypic clines for local adaptation: conspicuous traits that vary clinally may not necessarily be the most critical in determining local fitness. The present study was designed to fill this gap, using a plant species characterized by repeatedly-evolved adaptive phenotypic clines. White clover is naturally polymorphic for its chemical defense cyanogenesis (HCN release with tissue damage); climate-associated cyanogenesis clines have evolved throughout its native and introduced range worldwide. We performed landscape genomic analyses on 415 wild genotypes from 43 locations spanning much of the North American species range to assess the relative importance of cyanogenesis loci vs. other genomic factors in local climatic adaptation. We find clear evidence of local adaptation, with temperature-related climatic variables best describing genome-wide differentiation between sampling locations. The same climatic variables are also strongly correlated with cyanogenesis frequencies and gene copy number variations (CNVs) at cyanogenesis loci. However, landscape genomic analyses indicate no significant contribution of cyanogenesis loci to local adaptation. Instead, several genomic regions containing promising candidate genes for plant response to seasonal cues are identified — some of which are shared with previously-identified QTLs for locally-adaptive fitness traits in North American white clover. Our findings suggest that local adaptation in white clover is likely determined primarily by genes controlling the timing of growth and flowering in response to local seasonal cues. More generally, this work suggests that caution is warranted when considering the importance of conspicuous phenotypic clines as primary determinants of local adaptation.</p>
Beyond cyanogenesis: Temperature gradients drive environmental adaptation in North American white clover (Trifolium repens L.)
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Data from: Searching for the bull's-eye: agents and targets of selection vary among geographically disparate cyanogenesis clines in white clover (Trifolium repens L.)
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Data from: Aridity shapes cyanogenesis cline evolution in white clover (Trifolium repens L.)
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Data from: Recurrent gene deletions and the evolution of adaptive cyanogenesis polymorphisms in white clover (Trifolium repens L.)
Understanding the molecular evolution of genes that underlie intraspecific polymorphisms can provide insights into the process of adaptive evolution. For adaptive polymorphisms characterized by gene presence/absence (P/A) variation, underlying loci commonly show signatures of long-term balancing selection, with gene-presence and gene-absence alleles maintained as two divergent lineages. We examined the molecular evolution of two unlinked P/A polymorphisms that underlie a well-documented adaptive polymorphism for cyanogenesis (hydrogen cyanide release with tissue damage) in white clover. Both cyanogenic and acyanogenic plants occur in this species, and the ecological forces that maintain this chemical defense polymorphism have been studied for several decades. Using a sample of 65 plants, we investigated the molecular evolution of sequences flanking the two underlying cyanogenesis genes: Ac/ac (controlling the presence/absence of cyanogenic glucosides), and Li/li (controlling the presence/absence of their hydrolyzing enzyme, linamarase). A combination of genome-walking, PCR assays, DNA sequence analysis, and Southern blotting was used to test whether these adaptive P/A polymorphisms show evidence of long-term balancing selection, or whether gene-absence alleles have evolved repeatedly through independent deletion events. For both loci, we detect no signatures of balancing selection in closest flanking genomic sequences. Instead, we find evidence for variation in the size of the deletions characterizing gene-absence alleles. These observations strongly suggest that both of these polymorphisms have been evolving through recurrent gene deletions over time. We discuss the genetic mechanisms that could account for this surprising pattern and the implications of these findings for mechanisms of rapid adaptive evolution in white clover.
Data from: Rapid evolution of an adaptive cyanogenesis cline in introduced North American white clover (Trifolium repens L.)
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Data from: Recurrent gene deletions and the evolution of adaptive cyanogenesis polymorphisms in white clover (Trifolium repens L.)
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