Find research datasets worth reusing

openCC (other)May 2017View details →

Data describing how four different levels of induced plant defenses change cannibalism among larval lepidopterans and alter consumption of plant tissue by larval lepidopterans.

A dataset comprised of three experiments: Experiment 1. Data describing how four different levels of induced plant defenses change cannibalism among larval lepidopterans and alter consumption of plant tissue by larval lepidopterans. The experiment was conducted at UW-Madison in Birge Hall. Experiment 2. Data describing how two levels of induced plant defenses and two levels of food provision (presence or absence of dead conspecifics) changes cannibalism, herbivory, and growth among larval lepidopterans. Experiment 3. Data describing mass loss of tomato leaves that were clipped and allowed to dry for two days. These data are to determine estimates of natural (autogenic) weight loss due to evaporation for comparison of weight loss due to herbivory and evaporation as part of feeding trials with armyworms (see other two associated datasets in this series). The experiment was conducted at the Department of Biology at Virginia Commonwealth University.

Interpreting the smells of predation: How alarm cues and kairomones induce different prey defenses.

1. For phenotypically plastic organisms to produce phenotypes that are well matched to their environment, they must acquire information about their environment. For inducible defences, cues from damaged prey and cues from predators both have the potential to provide important information, yet we know little about the relative importance of these separate sources of information for behavioural and morphological defences. We also do not know the point during a predation event at which kairomones are produced, i.e. whether they are produced constitutively, during prey attack or during prey digestion. 2. We exposed leopard frog tadpoles (Rana pipiens) to nine predator cue treatments involving several combinations of cues from damaged conspecifics or heterospecifics, starved predators, predators only chewing prey, predators only digesting prey or predators chewing and digesting prey. 3. We quantified two behavioural defences. Tadpole hiding behaviour was induced only by cues from crushed tadpoles. Reduced tadpole activity was induced only by cues from predators digesting tadpoles or predators chewing + digesting tadpoles. 4. We also quantified tadpole mass and two size-adjusted morphological traits that are known to be phenotypically plastic. Mass was unaffected by the cue treatments. Relative body length was affected (i.e. there were differences among some treatments), but none of the treatments significantly differed from the no-predator control. Relative tail depth was affected by the treatments and deeper tails were induced only when tadpoles were exposed to cues from predators digesting tadpoles or cues from predators chewing + digesting tadpoles. 5. These results demonstrate that some prey species can discriminate among a diverse set of potential cues from heterospecific prey, conspecific prey and predators. Moreover, the results illustrate that the cues responsible for the full suite of behavioural and morphological defences are not induced by tadpole crushing nor

The heritability of inducible defenses in tadpoles.

The evolution of plastic traits requires phenotypic trade-offs and heritable traits, yet the latter requirement has received little attention, especially for predatorinduced traits. Using a half-sib design, I examined the narrow-sense heritability of predator-induced behaviour, morphology, and life history in larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica). Many of the traits had significant additive genetic variation in predator (caged Anax longipes) and no-predator environments. Whereas most traits had moderate to high heritability across environments, tail depth exhibited high heritability with predators but low heritability without predators. In addition, several traits had significant heritability for plasticity, suggesting a potential for selection to act on plasticity per se. Genetic correlations confirmed known phenotypic relationships across environments and identified novel relationships within each environment. This appears to be the first investigation of narrow-sense heritabilities for predator-induced traits and confirms that inducible traits previously shown to be under selection also have a genetic basis and should be capable of exhibiting evolutionary responses.

Damage, digestion, and defense: The roles of alarm cues and kairomones for inducing prey defenses.

Inducible defences are widely used for studying phenotypic plasticity, yet frequently we know little about the cues that induce these defences. For aquatic prey, defences are induced by chemical cues from predators (kairomones) and injured prey (alarm cues). Rarely has anyone determined the separate and combined effects of these cues, particularly across phylogenetically diverse prey types. We examined how tadpoles (Hyla versicolor) altered their defences when 10 different prey were either crushed by hand or consumed by predators. Across all prey types, crushing induced only a subset of the defences induced by consumption. Consuming vs. crushing produced additive responses for behaviour but synergistic responses for morphology and growth. Moreover, we discovered the first extensive evidence that prey responses to different alarm cues depends on prey phylogeny. These results suggest that the amount of information available to the prey affects both the quantitative and qualitative nature of the defended phenotype.

Having the guts to compete: How intestinal plasticity explains costs of inducible defenses.

Predators commonly induce phenotypic changes that make prey better at surviving predation at the cost of reduced growth. While we have a good understanding of how trait changes affect predation risk, we lack a mechanistic understanding of why predatorinduced phenotypes differ in growth. Using two mesocosm experiments, we combined phenotypic plasticity theory with predictions from optimal digestion theory to demonstrate that intra- and interspecific competition induced relatively long guts while predators induced relatively short guts. The longer guts induced by competition appear to be an adaptive response that allows more efficient digestion and more rapid growth whereas the shorter guts induced by predators appear to result from a tradeoff of building larger tails in predator environments at the cost of smaller bodies. By combining these two bodies of theory, we now have a much better understanding of the mechanisms that cause the phenotypic trade-offs that select for inducible defences.

openCC (other)Aug 2024View details →

Individual capture history affects site use and defensive behavior of foraging eastern copperheads at a recreational site in eastern Kentucky, 2022

This package contains behavioral, demographic, and environmental data from a study investigating the role individual capture history plays in shaping foraging and defensive behaviors of eastern copperheads (Agkistrodon contortrix) at a ~0.1 hectare recreational site in the Daniel Boone National Forest, Wolfe county, Kentucky. Behavioral data was collected using a four-stage trial simulating in-situ encounters between humans and vipers, where each stage is scored on a 0-3 scale according to the most extreme behavior exhibited. Each individual's total score was the sum of scores in Stages 1-4. Snakes were located via nightly visual surveys of the site during copperheads' active season. Each copperhead was caught after the conclusion of its' behavioral trial, and demographic information including sex, mass, snout-vent length, and total length were recorded. For snakes that had been detected and tagged at this site previous, PIT tag ID and number of years the individual was previously recaptured were also recorded. Air temperature, relative humidity, and soil temperature at a depth of 3 cm were recorded. Within our study system, result suggest that copperheads' defensive response to human approach is best explained by individual capture history, as opposed to temperature or body size.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2019View details →

Transgenerational plasticity of inducible defenses: combined effects of grand-parental, parental and current environments - PDF, datasets and R script

PDF, dataset and R script for the paper: Tariel J, Plénet S, & Luquet E. Transgenerational plasticity of inducible defenses: combined effects of grand-parental, parental and current environments.  Two data sets are provided: one for the analysis of the behavior (dataBehaviour.csv) and one for the analysis of other variables (weight, shell thickness and morphology; dataMorphology.csv). There are analyzed in the same R script (Script_TARIEL-Juliette.R) Signification of variables names: G1: treatment/environment of the grand-parental generation (control C or with predator-cue P) G2: treatment/environment of the parental generation (control C or with predator-cue P) G3: treatment/environment of the offspring generation (control C or with predator-cue P) Family: unique ID for each family Individual: number to identify siblings within a family  ID: unique ID for each individual  W: snail total weight (g) Th: shell thickness (mm) L: shell length (mm) l: shell width (mm) Lo: aperture length (mm) lo: aperture width (mm) crawlout : position of the snail (0:  below the water surface; 1: above/on the water surface) Day : day of measurement (crawling-out behaviour was measured three times through three consecutives days d2, d3 and d4)

opencc-zeroAug 2019View details →

FIG. 1 in Panoploscelis scudderi Beier, 1950 and Gnathoclita vorax (Stoll, 1813): two katydids with unusual acoustic, reproductive and defense behaviors (Orthoptera, Pseudophyllinae)

FIG. 1. — Variations in characters used to distinguish Panoploscelis scudderi Beier, 1950 and Panoploscelis angusticauda Beier 1950 n. syn. females. The speci- mens pictured are breed from samples collected in Mitaraka (F1 and F2 generations). The frequent-most condition is represented in the left panels (A, E, J). Specimens from Mitaraka display variations in: A-D, the number of tubercle-bearing veins; E-I, the shape of ovipositor in side view (holotype of P. angusticauda display the same shape of ovipositor as illustrated in F); J-N, the shape of epiproct hind margin (male juvenile holotype of P. scudderi display the same shape of epiproct hind margin as illustrated in N; in P. angusticauda, the hind margin is somehow as in K). Scale bars: 10 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2020View details →

Traffic and Log Data Captured During a Cyber Defense Exercise

This dataset was acquired during Cyber Czech – a hands-on cyber defense exercise (Red Team/Blue Team) held in March 2019 at Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. Network traffic flows and a high variety of event logs were captured in an exercise network deployed in the KYPO Cyber Range Platform. Contents The dataset covers two distinct time intervals, which correspond to the official schedule of the exercise. The timestamps provided below are in the ISO 8601 date format.  <ul> <li>Day 1, March 19, 2019  <ul> <li>Start: 2019-03-19T11:00:00.000000+01:00 </li> <li>End: 2019-03-19T18:00:00.000000+01:00 </li> </ul> </li> <li>Day 2, March 20, 2019  <ul> <li>Start: 2019-03-20T08:00:00.000000+01:00 </li> <li>End: 2019-03-20T15:30:00.000000+01:00 </li> </ul> </li> </ul> The captured and collected data were normalized into three distinct event types and they are stored as structured JSON. The data are sorted by a timestamp, which represents the time they were observed. Each event type includes a raw payload ready for further processing and analysis. The description of the respective event types and the corresponding data files follows.   <ul> <li>cz.muni.csirt.IpfixEntry.tgz – an archive of IPFIX traffic flows enriched with an additional payload of parsed application protocols in raw JSON. </li> <li>cz.muni.csirt.SyslogEntry.tgz – an archive of Linux Syslog entries with the payload of corresponding text-based log messages. </li> <li>cz.muni.csirt.WinlogEntry.tgz – an archive of Windows Event Log entries with the payload of original events in raw XML. </li> </ul> Each archive listed above includes a directory of the same name with the following four files, ready to be processed.  <ul> <li>data.json.gz – the actual data entries in a single gzipped JSON file. </li> <li>dictionary.yml – data dictionary for the entries. </li> <li>schema.ddl – data schema for Apache Spark analytics engine. </li> <li>schema.jsch – JSON schema for the entries. </li> </ul> Finally, the exercise network topology is described in a machine-readable NetJSON format and it is a part of a set of auxiliary files archive – auxiliary-material.tgz – which includes the following.  <ul> <li>global-gateway-config.json – the network configuration of the global gateway in the NetJSON format. </li> <li>global-gateway-routing.json – the routing configuration of the global gateway in the NetJSON format. </li> <li>redteam-attack-schedule.{csv,odt} – the schedule of the Red Team attacks in CSV and ODT format. Source for Table 2. </li> <li>redteam-reserved-ip-ranges.{csv,odt} – the list of IP segments reserved for the Red Team in CSV and ODT format. Source for Table 1.  </li> <li>topology.{json,pdf,png} – the topology of the complete Cyber Czech exercise network in the NetJSON, PDF and PNG format. </li> <li>topology-small.{pdf,png} – simplified topology in the PDF and PNG format. Source for Figure 1. </li> </ul>

dryad40/100

Reduced stress defense responses contribute to the higher toxicity of a pesticide under warming

There is a pressing need to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying the, often magnifying, interactive effects between contaminants and natural stressors. We here test our hypothesis that lower general stress defense responses contribute to synergistic interactions between stressors. We focus on the widespread pattern that many contaminants are more toxic at higher temperatures. Specifically, we tested the effects of an environmentally realistic low-effect and high-effect concentration of the pesticide chlorpyrifos under warming at the gene expression level in the Northern house mosquito Culex pipiens molestus (Forskal, 1775). By applying the independent action model for combined stressors on RNA-seq data, we identified interactive gene expression patterns under combined exposure to chlorpyrifos and warming for general stress defense responses: protection of macromolecules, antioxidant processes, detoxification, and energy metabolism/allocation. Most of these general stress defense response genes showed upregulated antagonistic interactions, i.e. were less upregulated than expected under the independent action model. This indicates that when pesticide exposure was combined with warming the general stress defense responses were no longer buffering increased stress levels, which may contribute to a higher sensitivity to toxicants under warming. These upregulated antagonistic interactions were stronger for the high-effect chlorpyrifos concentration, indicating that exposure to this concentration under warming was most stressful. Our results highlight that quantitative analysis of the frequency and strength of the interaction types of general stress defense response genes, specifically focusing on antagonistic upregulations and synergistic downregulations, may advance understanding of how natural stressors modify the toxicity of contaminants.

opencc-zeroSep 2020View details →

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2020View details →

ATHENA: A Framework based on Diverse Weak Defenses for Building Adversarial Defense

This is the dataset associated with <a href="https://softsys4ai.github.io/athena/">ATHENA</a>, a framework based on Diverse Weak Defenses for building Adversarial Defense.

dryad40/100

Functional genomics and co-occurrence in a diverse tropical tree genus: The roles of drought and defense related genes

Tropical tree communities are among the most diverse in the world. A small number of genera often disproportionately contribute to this diversity. How so many species from a single genus can co-occur represents a major outstanding question in biology. Niche differences are likely to play a major role in promoting congeneric diversity, but the mechanisms of interest are often not well-characterized by the set of functional traits generally measured by ecologists. To address this knowledge gap, we used a functional genomic approach to investigate the mechanisms of co-occurrence in the hyper-diverse genus Ficus. Our study focused on over 800 genes related to drought and defense, providing detailed information on how these genes may contribute to the diversity of Ficus species. We find widespread and consistent evidence of the importance of defense gene dissimilarity in co-occurring species, providing genetic support for what would be expected under the Janzen-Connell mechanism. We also find that drought-related gene sequence similarity is related to Ficus co-occurrence, indicating that similar responses to drought promote co-occurrence. We provide the first detailed functional genomic evidence of how drought- and defense-related genes simultaneously contribute to the local co-occurrence in a hyper-diverse genus. Our results demonstrate the potential of community transcriptomics to identify the drivers of species co-occurrence in hyper-diverse tropical tree genera.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →