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56 results for “demographic changes”
PALEODEM/Late Glacial and Early Holocene human demographic responses to climatic and environmental change in Atlantic Iberia
<p>This data files and R markdown scripts have been used in the meta-analysis of chronological and subsistence patterns of Atlantic hunter-gatherer groups between Late Glacial and Early Holocene in Atlantic Iberia.</p> <p>They correspond to the following reference: </p> <p>McLaughlin, T.R., Gómez-Puche, M., Cascalheira, J., Bicho, N.F., Fernández-López de Pablo, J. 2020. Late Glacial and Early Holocene human demographic responses to climatic and environmental change in Atlantic Iberia. <em>Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. </em>(revised submitted version 29/04/2020)</p> <p>We specify the content of each file further down:</p> <ol> <li>Analysis_markdown.Rmd – R markdown file with the scripts to reproduce the analyses.</li> <li>Analysis_markdown.pdf – R markdown file in pdf format to reproduce the analyses.</li> <li>database_references.docx –A separate text file that comprises the extended bibliographic references used as source of the archaeological radiocarbon archaeological and isotopic data sets analyzed.</li> <li>Datelist.csv – spreadsheet that contains the 371 radiocarbon dates used as raw data to run the scripts. The last column of the table includes the bibliographical reference of the archaeological data compiled.</li> <li>ngrip.csv – NGRIP GICC05 paleotemperature record based on oxygen isotope series from Rasmussen SO <em>et al.</em>2006 A new Greenland ice core chronology for the last glacial termination. <em>J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.</em><strong>111</strong>. (doi:10.1029/2005JD006079) and Andersen KK <em>et al.</em>2006 The Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005, 15–42ka. Part 1: constructing the time scale. <em>Quat. Sci. Rev.</em>25, 3246–3257. </li> <li>Pailler_and_Bard_42.csv­­ – Sea surface temperature data of the Atlantic margin of Iberia based on the paper: Pailler D, Bard E. 2002 High frequency palaeoceanographic changes during the past 140 000 yr recorded by the organic matter in sediments of the Iberian Margin. <em>Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol.</em>181, 431–452. (doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00444-8)</li> <li>Paleodiet.csv – spreadsheet containing the published palaeodietary isotopic information of the human remains considered in this study.</li> <li>src.r – source r code of custom functions called upon this analysis by the R.markdown files. </li> </ol> <p>To reproduce analyses reported in the McLaughlin et al Phil Trans paper, donwload R_scripts and csv_files into the same folder. Open the *.rmd scripts in RStudio (https://www.rstudio.com), and run the scripts. </p> <p>The csv files can also be imported into R and used by the scripts. </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Neighborhood Socioeconomic and demographic changes in Baltimore's (BES) Neighborhoods: 1930 to 2010
This dataset was created primarily to map and track socioeconomic and demographic variables from the US Census Bureau from year 1940 to year 2010, by decade, within the City of Baltimore's Mayor's Office of Information Technology (MOIT) year 2010 neighborhood boundaries. The socioeconomic and demographic variables include the percent White, percent African American, percent owner occupied homes, percent vacant homes, the percentage of age 25 and older people with a high school education or greater, and the percentage of age 25 and older people with a college education or greater. Percent White and percent African American are also provided for year 1930. Each of the the year 2010 neighborhood boundaries were also attributed with the 1937 Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) definition of neighborhoods via spatial overlay. HOLC rated neighborhoods as A, B, C, D or Undefined. HOLC categorized the perceived safety and risk of mortgage refinance lending in metropolitan areas using a hierarchical grading scale of A, B, C, and D. A and B areas were considered the safest areas for federal investment due to their newer housing as well as higher earning and racially homogenous households. In contrast, C and D graded areas were viewed to be in a state of inevitable decline, depreciation, and decay, and thus risky for federal investment, due to their older housing stock and racial and ethnic composition. This policy was inherently a racist practice. Places were graded based on who lived there; poor areas with people of color were labeled as lower and less-than. HOLC's 1937 neighborhoods do not cover the entire extent of the year 2010 neighborhood boundaries. The neighborhood boundaries were also augmented to include which of the year 2017 Housing Market Typology (HMT) the 2010 neighborhoods fall within. Finally, the neighborhood boundaries were also augmented to include tree canopy and tree canopy change year 2007 to year 2015.
Resilient farm demographics withstand, adapt, or transform in the face of competitive pressure, technological change, and the expected lifestyles of future generations
<p>Farm demographics has been recognized as an important driver of structural change in European agriculture. Focus groups and computer simulations on farm demographic change were used to better understand its role for the case study regions of the Altmark in the eastern part of Germany and Flanders in the northern part of Belgium. According to these analyses, many potential agricultural entrants are deterred by what they view as a poor quality of life that farming offers. This applies to farm successors as well as hired workers. For higher attractiveness of agriculture, policy objectives should address the social image of farming as well as revitalize rural areas. Increasingly critical is the demand for skilled hired labour. However, policies dealing with farm demographic change ignore these needs and focus almost exclusively on farm succession. Particularly, the direct payment system, including additional support for small farms and young farmers, must be re-evaluated for its effectiveness. The analyses provide evidence that this system constrains European agricultural development more than assists it; ultimately preventing farms from adapting and transforming.</p>
EU Demographic Change Experts
<p>Network data on demographic experts in the European, coded from work team participation and event attendance. The data has been anonymized.</p>
Demographic consequences of changes in environmental periodicity
<p>The fate of natural populations is mediated by complex interactions among vital rates, which can vary within and among years. While the effects of random, among-year variation in vital rates have been studied extensively, relatively little is known about how periodic, non-random variation in vital rates affects populations. This knowledge gap is potentially alarming as global environmental change is projected to alter common periodic variations, such as seasonality. We investigated the effects of changes in vital-rate periodicity on populations of three species representing different forms of adaptation to periodic environments: the yellow-bellied marmot (<em>Marmota flaviventer</em>), adapted to strong seasonality in snowfall; the meerkat (<em>Suricata suricatta</em>), adapted to inter-annual stochasticity as well as seasonal patterns in rainfall; and the dewy pine (<em>Drosophyllum lusitanicum</em>), adapted to fire regimes and periodic post-fire habitat succession. To assess how changes in periodicity affect population growth, we parameterized periodic matrix population models and projected population dynamics under different scenarios of perturbations in the strength of vital-rate periodicity. We assessed the effects of such perturbations on various metrics describing population dynamics, including the stochastic growth rate, log λ<sub>S</sub>. Overall, perturbing the strength of periodicity had strong effects on population dynamics in all three study species. For the marmots, log λ<sub>S</sub> decreased with increased seasonal differences in adult survival. For the meerkats, density dependence buffered the effects of perturbations of periodicity on log λ<sub>S</sub>. Finally, dewy pines were negatively affected by changes in natural post-fire succession under stochastic or periodic fire regimes with fires occurring every 30 years, but were buffered by density dependence from such changes under presumed more frequent fires or large-scale disturbances. We show that changes in the strength of vital-rate periodicity can have diverse but strong effects on population dynamics across different life histories. Populations buffered from inter-annual vital-rate variation can be affected substantially by changes in environmentally-driven vital-rate periodic patterns; however, the effects of such changes can be masked in analyses focusing on inter-annual variation. As most ecosystems are affected by periodic variations in the environment such as seasonality, assessing their contributions to population viability for future global-change research is crucial.</p>
Data from: Species-specific traits mediate avian demographic responses under past climate change
<p>Anticipating species' responses to environmental change is a<span> pressing mission in biodiversity conservation. Despite decades of research investigating how climate change may affect population sizes, historical context is lacking and the traits which mediate demographic sensitivity to changing climate remain elusive. We use whole-genome sequence data to reconstruct the demographic histories of 263 bird species over the past million years and identify networks of interacting morphological and life-history traits associated with changes in effective population size (<em>N<sub>e</sub></em>) in response to climate warming and cooling. Our results identify direct and indirect effects of key traits representing survival, reproduction, and dispersal processes on long-term demographic responses to climate change and highlight traits most likely to influence population responses to ongoing climate warming.</span></p>
Data from: Species-specific traits mediate avian demographic responses under past climate change
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Demographic consequences of changes in environmental periodicity
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Date From: The myriad of complex demographic responses of terrestrial mammals to climate change and gaps of knowledge: A global analysis
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Data for: Predicting the contribution of single trait evolution to rescuing a plant population from demographic impacts of climate change
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A new approach to geostatistical synthesis of historical records reveals capuchin spatial responses to climate and demographic change
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Contrasting responses to climate change at Himalayan treelines revealed by population demographics of two dominant species
<ol> <li><span>Alpine treelines are expected to shift upward due to recent climate change. However, interpretation of changes in montane systems has been problematic because effects of climate change are frequently confounded with those of land use changes. The eastern Himalaya, particularly Langtang National Park, Central Nepal, has been relatively undisturbed for centuries and thus presents an opportunity for studying climate change impacts on alpine treeline uncontaminated by potential confounding factors.</span></li> <li><span>We studied two dominant species, <i>Abies spectabilis </i>and <i>Rhododendron campanulatum</i>, above and below the treeline on two mountains. We constructed 13 transects, each spanning up to 400m in elevation, in which we recorded height and state (dead or alive) of all trees, as well as slope, aspect, canopy density, and measures of anthropogenic and animal disturbance. In a subset of individuals, we determined the age of the plants with tree rings.</span></li> <li>All size classes of <i>R. campanulatum</i> plants had lower mortality above treeline than below it, and young <i>R. campanulatum</i> plants (<2m tall) were at higher density above treeline than below. <i>A. spectabilis</i> shows little evidence of a position change from the historic treeline, with a sudden extreme drop in density above treeline compared to below. Recruitment, as measured by size class distribution, was greater above treeline than below for both species but <i>A. spectabilis</i> is confined to ~25m above treeline whereas <i>R. campanulatum</i> is luxuriantly growing up to 200m above treeline. </li> <li> <i>Synthesis.</i> Evidence suggests that the elevational limits of <i>R. campanulatum</i> have shifted upward both because (1) young <i>R. campanulatum</i> plants above treeline benefited from facilitation of recruitment by surrounding vegetation, allowing upward expansion of recruitment, and (2) increased adult survival due to a general temperature amelioration to mature plants. We predict that the current pure stand of <i>R. campanulatum</i> growing above treeline will be colonized by <i>A. spectabilis</i> that will, in turn, outshade and eventually relegate <i>R. campanulatum </i>to be a minor component of the community, as is the current situation below the treeline. </li> </ol>
Data from: Where and how to restore in a changing world: a demographic-based assessment of resilience
Managers are increasingly looking to apply concepts of resilience to better anticipate and understand conservation and restoration in a changing environment. In this study, we explore how information on demography (recruitment, growth and survival) and competitive effects in different environments and with different starting species abundances can be used to better understand resilience. We use observational and experimental data to better understand dynamics between native Stipa pulchra and exotic Avena barbata and fatua, grasses characteristic of native and invaded grasslands in California, at three different levels of nitrogen (N) representative of a range of pollution via atmospheric deposition. A modelling framework that incorporates this information on demography and competition allows us to forecast dynamics over time. Our results showed that resilience of native grasslands depends on N inputs, where natural recovery should be possible at low N levels whereas native persistence would be difficult at high N levels. Hysteresis was evident at moderate N levels, where the starting conditions mattered. Synthesis and applications. The resilience of both invaded and native grasslands is influenced by nitrogen inputs. Our modelling approach gives direction about how best to allocate limited management resources as baselines shift: where natural recovery is possible, where best to allocate active restoration efforts, and where native remnants may be most vulnerable.
Data from: Estimating synchronous demographic changes across populations using hABC and its application for a herpetological community from northeastern Brazil
Many studies propose that Quaternary climatic cycles contracted and /or expanded the ranges of species and biomes. Strong expansion-contraction dynamics of biomes presume concerted demographic changes of associated fauna. The analysis of temporal concordance of demographic changes can be used to test the influence of Quaternary climate on diversification processes. Hierarchical approximate Bayesian computation (hABC) is a powerful and flexible approach that models genetic data from multiple species, and can be used to estimate the temporal concordance of demographic processes. Using available single-locus data we can now perform large-scale analyses, both in terms of number of species and geographic scope. Here we first compared the power of four alternative hABC models for a collection of single-locus data. We found that the model incorporating an a priori hypothesis about the timing of simultaneous demographic change had the best performance. Secondly, we applied the hABC models to a dataset of 7 squamate and 4 amphibian species occurring in the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests (Caatinga) in Northeastern Brazil, which, according to paleoclimatic evidence, experienced an increase in aridity during the Pleistocene. If this increase was important for the diversification of associated xeric-adapted species, simultaneous population expansions should be evident at the community level. We found a strong signal of synchronous population expansion in the Late Pleistocene, supporting the expansion of the Caatinga during this time. This expansion likely enhanced the formation of communities adapted to high aridity and seasonality and caused regional extirpation of taxa adapted to wet forest.
Data from: Asynchronous demographic responses to Pleistocene climate change in Eastern Nearctic vertebrates
Pleistocene climatic cycles altered species distributions in the Eastern Nearctic of North America, yet the degree of congruent demographic response to the Pleistocene among codistributed taxa remains unknown. We use a hierarchical approximate Bayesian computational approach to test if population sizes across lineages of snakes, lizards, turtles, mammals, birds, salamanders and frogs in this region expanded synchronously to Late Pleistocene climate changes. Expansion occurred in 75% of 74 lineages, and of these, population size trajectories across the community were partially synchronous, with coexpansion found in at least 50% of lineages in each taxonomic group. For those taxa expanding outside of these synchronous pulses, factors related to when they entered the community, ecological thresholds or biotic interactions likely condition their timing of response to Pleistocene climate change. Unified timing of population size change across communities in response to Pleistocene climate cycles is likely rare in North America.
Wildfire alters the disturbance impacts of an emerging infectious disease via changes to host occurrence and demographic structure
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Dissimilar climatic niche is predictive of contrasting historical demographic changes and altitudinal shifts in related oak species (<em>Quercus</em>)
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Data from: Estimating synchronous demographic changes across populations using hABC and its application for a herpetological community from northeastern Brazil
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Data from: Where and how to restore in a changing world: a demographic-based assessment of resilience
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Data from: Did Late Pleistocene climate change result in parallel genetic structure and demographic bottlenecks in sympatric Central African crocodiles, Mecistops and Osteolaemus?
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.