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12 results for “demographic connectivity”
Data from: Genetic diversity in a long-lived mammal is explained by the past's demographic shadow and current connectivity
<p>Within-species genetic diversity is crucial for the persistence and integrity of populations and ecosystems. Conservation actions require an understanding of factors influencing genetic diversity, especially in the context of global change. Both population size and connectivity are factors greatly influencing genetic diversity; the relative importance of these factors can however change through time. Hence, quantifying the degree to which population size or genetic connectivity are shaping genetic diversity, and at which ecological time scale (past or present), is challenging, yet essential for the development of efficient conservation strategies. In this study, we estimated the genetic diversity of 42 colonies of <i>Rhinolophus hipposideros,</i> a long-lived mammal vulnerable to global change, sampling locations spanning its continental northern range. We present an integrative approach that disentangles and quantifies the contribution of different connectivity measures in addition to contemporary colony size and historic bottlenecks in shaping genetic diversity. In our study, the best model explained 64% of the variation in genetic diversity. It included historic bottlenecks, contemporary colony sizes, connectivity and a negative interaction between the latter two. Contemporary connectivity explained most genetic diversity when considering a 65 km radius around the focal colonies, emphasizing the large geographic scale at which the positive impact of connectivity on genetic diversity is most profound and hence the minimum scale at which conservation should be planned. Our results highlight that the relative importance of the two main factors shaping genetic diversity varies through time, emphasizing the relevance of disentangling them to ensure appropriate conservation strategies.</p>
Data from: Genetic diversity in a long-lived mammal is explained by the past’s demographic shadow and current connectivity
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Data from: Population structure, connectivity and demographic history of an apex marine predator, the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas
Knowledge of population structure, connectivity and effective population size remains limited for many marine apex predators, including the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas. This large-bodied coastal shark is distributed worldwide in warm temperate and tropical waters, and uses estuaries and rivers as nurseries. As an apex predator, the bull shark likely plays a vital ecological role within marine food webs, but is at risk due to inshore habitat degradation and various fishing pressures. We investigated the bull shark's global population structure and demographic history by analysing the genetic diversity of 370 individuals from 11 different locations using 25 microsatellite loci and three mitochondrial genes (CR, nd4, cytb). Both types of markers revealed clustering between sharks from the Western Atlantic and those from the Western Pacific and the Western Indian Ocean, with no contemporary gene flow. Microsatellite data suggested low differentiation between the Western Indian Ocean and the Western Pacific, but substantial differentiation was found using mitochondrial DN A. Integrating information from both types of markers and using Bayesian computation with a random forest procedure (ABC-RF), this discordance was found to be due to a complete lack of contemporary gene flow. High genetic connectivity was found both within the Western Indian Ocean and within the Western Pacific. In conclusion, these results suggest important structuring of bull shark populations globally with important gene flow occurring along coastlines , highlighting the need for management and conservation plans on regional scales rather than oceanic basin scale.
The demographic contributions of connectivity versus local dynamics to population growth of an endangered bird
<p>1. Conservation and management increasingly focus on connectivity, because connectivity driven by variation in immigration rates across landscapes is thought to be crucial for maintaining local population and metapopulation persistence. Yet, efforts to quantify the relative role of immigration on population growth across the entire range of species and over time have been lacking.</p> <p>2. We assessed whether immigration limited local and range-wide population growth of the endangered snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis) in Florida, USA, over 18 years using multi-state, reverse-time modeling that accounts for imperfect detection of individuals and unobservable states. Demographic contributions of immigration varied depending on the dynamics and geographic position of the local populations, were scale-dependent, and changed over time.</p> <p>3. By comparing the relative contributions of immigration versus local demography for periods of significant change in local abundance, we found empirical evidence for a disproportionately large role of immigration in facilitating population growth of a centrally-located population—a connectivity 'hub'. The importance of connectivity changed depending of the spatial scale considered, such that immigration was more important driver of population growth at small versus large spatial scales. Furthermore, the contribution of immigration was much greater during time periods when local population size was small, emphasizing abundance-dependent rescue effects.</p> <p>4. Our findings suggest that efforts aimed at improving local breeding habitat will likely be most effective at increasing snail kite population growth. More broadly, our results provide much needed information on the role of connectivity for population growth, suggesting that connectivity conservation may have the greatest benefits when efforts focus on centrally located habitat patches and small populations. Furthermore, our results highlight that connectivity is highly dynamic over time and that interpreting the effects of connectivity at local scales may not transfer to region-wide dynamics.</p>
Data from: Population structure, connectivity and demographic history of an apex marine predator, the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas
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The demographic contributions of connectivity versus local dynamics to population growth of an endangered bird
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Combining population genomics with demographic analyses highlights habitat patchiness and larval dispersal as determinants of connectivity in coastal fish species
<p>Gene flow shapes spatial genetic structure as well as the potential for local adaptation of populations. Among marine animals with non-migratory adults, the presence or absence of a pelagic larval stage is thought to be a key determinant in shaping gene flow and the genetic structure of populations. In addition, the spatial distribution of suitable habitats will influence the distribution of biological populations and their pattern of gene flow. We used whole genome sequencing to study demographic history and reduced representation (ddRAD) sequencing data to analyze spatial genetic structure in the broadnosed pipefish (<em>Syngnathus typhle</em>). Its main habitat are seagrass meadows, which along the study coast (SW Norway) have a patchy distribution. Combining the results from several analyses including scans for selection, suggests that stochastic genetic drift has shaped the observed population structure largely due to its patchy habitat distribution. The restricted gene flow is further driven by life history traits such as the presence of parental care combined with no pelagic life stages, resulting in a clear isolation-by-distance pattern spanning 100s of kilometers.</p> <p>The spatial scale of demographic connectivity was inferred from long-term (~30 year) census population counts that uncovered a sharp decline in spatial correlations in abundance with distance (37% decorrelation over 2 km). These findings were contrasted with data from two other fish species sampled along the same coastline, both having pelagic larval stages lasting ~20 days (corkwing wrasse, <em>Symphodus melops</em>, and black goby, <em>Gobus niger</em>) where the population structure is not that evident. For these species, we found a wider spatial scale of demographic connectivity (decorrelation distances of 14 and 28 km, respectively), and weaker isolation-by-distance except at one point along the coast where both species revealed a strong barrier to gene flow, seemingly due to a lack of suitable habitat. Combined, these findings suggest that habitat fragmentation and absence of a pelagic larval stage in pipefish strongly increases geographic structuring, while the pelagic larvae of wrasse and goby increase genetic and demographic connectivity, except over extensive habitat shifts.</p>
Combining population genomics with demographic analyses highlights habitat patchiness and larval dispersal as determinants of connectivity in coastal fish species
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Data from: Marine protected area restricts demographic connectivity: dissimilarity in a marine environment can function as a biological barrier
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The value of considering demographic contributions to connectivity - a review
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Data from: Sex-specific genetic analysis indicates low correlation between demographic and genetic connectivity in the Scandinavian brown bear (Ursus arctos)
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Data from: Population genetics of jaguars (Panthera onca) in the Brazilian Pantanal: molecular evidence for demographic connectivity on a regional scale
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