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opencc-zeroAug 2023View details →

Early onset of urea synthesis and ammonia detoxification pathways in three terrestrially developing frogs

Frogs evolved terrestrial development multiple times, necessitating mechanisms to avoid ammonia toxicity at early stages. Urea synthesis from ammonia is a key adaptation that reduces water dependence after metamorphosis. We tested for early expression and plasticity of enzymatic mechanisms of ammonia detoxification in three terrestrial-breeding frogs: foam-nest-dwelling larvae of Leptodactylus fragilis (Lf) and arboreal embryos of Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni (Hf) and Agalychnis callidryas (Ac). Activity of two ornithine-urea cycle (OUC) enzymes, arginase and CPSase 1, and levels of their products urea and CP in tissues were high in Lf regardless of nest hydration but reduced in experimental low- vs. high-ammonia environments. High OUC activity in wet and dry nests, comparable to that under experimental high ammonia, suggests terrestrial Lf larvae maintain high capacity for urea excretion regardless of their immediate risk of ammonia toxicity. This may aid survival through unpredictably long waiting periods before rain enables their transition to water. Moderate levels of urea and CP were present in Hf and Ac tissues and enzymatic activities were lower than in Lf. In both species, embryos in drying clutches can hatch and enter the water early, behaviorally avoiding ammonia toxicity. Moreover, glutamine synthetase is active in early stages of all three species, condensing ammonia and glutamate to glutamine as another mechanism of detoxification. Enzyme activity appeared highest in Lf, although substrate and product levels were higher in Ac and Lf. Our results reveal that multiple biochemical mechanisms of ammonia detoxification occur in early life stages of anuran lineages that evolved terrestrial development.

opencc-zeroAug 2023View details →

Variable expression of cyanide detoxification and tolerance genes in cyanogenic and acyanogenic white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

Premise of the study: β-cyanoalanine synthase (β-CAS) and alternative oxidase (AOX) play important roles in the ability of plants to detoxify and tolerate hydrogen cyanide (HCN) stress. These functions are critical for all plants, as HCN is produced at low levels during basic metabolic processes, but are likely to be especially important in cyanogenic species, which release high levels of HCN following tissue damage. However, their expression has not been examined in cyanogenic species, nor has it been compared between cyanogenic and acyanogenic genotypes within a species. Methods: We used a natural polymorphism for cyanogenesis in white clover to examine β-CAS and Aox gene expression in relation to cyanogenesis-associated HCN exposure. We identified all β-CAS and Aox gene copies present in the genome, including members of the Aox1, Aox2a and Aox2d subfamilies previously reported in legumes. Expression levels were compared between cyanogenic and acyanogenic genotypes, and under conditions of leaf tissue damage compared to undamaged tissue. Key results: Results indicate that β-CAS and Aox2a expression are differentially elevated in cyanogenic genotypes, and that tissue damage is not required to induce this increased expression. Aox2d, in contrast, appears to be upregulated as a generalized wounding response. Conclusions: These findings suggest a heightened constitutive role for both HCN detoxification (via elevated β-CAS expression) and HCN-toxicity mitigation (via elevated Aox2a expression) in plants that are capable of cyanogenesis. As such, freezing-induced cyanide autotoxicity is unlikely to be the primary selective factor in the evolution of climate-associated cyanogenesis clines.

Gulf War Illness: Evaluation of an Innovative Detoxification Program

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01672710. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.

Transdermal Electroacupuncture for Opioid Detoxification

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00742170. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.

Buprenorphine Maintenance vs. Detoxification in Prescription Opioid Dependence

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00555425. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.

Improving Buprenorphine Detoxification Outcomes With Isradipine

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01895270. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.

Clinical Trial of Two Study Drinks in Detoxification of Environmental Toxicants and Carcinogens

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03978117. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.

publicAug 2023View details →

Early onset of urea synthesis and ammonia detoxification pathways in three terrestrially developing frogs

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publicAug 2023View details →

Variable expression of cyanide detoxification and tolerance genes in cyanogenic and acyanogenic white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

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publicOct 2023View details →

Evolution of chemosensory and detoxification gene families across herbivorous Drosophilidae

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dryad32/100

Data from: Widespread chemical detoxification of alkaloid venom by formicine ants

The ability to detoxify defensive compounds of competitors provides key ecological advantages that can influence community-level processes. Although common in plants and bacteria, this type of detoxification interaction is extremely rare in animals. Here, using laboratory behavioral assays and analyses of videotaped interactions in South America, we report widespread venom detoxification among ants in the subfamily Formicinae. Across both data sets, nine formicine species, representing all major clades, used a stereotyped grooming behavior to self-apply formic acid (acidopore grooming) in response to fire ant (Solenopsis invicta and S. saevissima) venom exposure. In laboratory assays, this behavior increased the survivorship of species following exposure to S. invicta venom. Species expressed the behavior when exposed to additional alkaloid venoms, including both compositionally similar piperidine venom of an additional fire ant species and the pyrrolidine/pyrroline alkaloid venom of a Monomorium species. In addition, species expressed the behavior following exposure to the uncharacterized venom of a Crematogaster species. However, species did not express acidopore grooming when confronted with protein-based ant venoms or when exposed to monoterpenoid-based venom. This pattern, combined with the specific chemistry of the reaction of formic acid with venom alkaloids, indicates that alkaloid venoms are targets of detoxification grooming. Solenopsis thief ants, and Monomorium species stand out as brood-predators of formicine ants that produce piperidine, pyrrolidine, and pyrroline venom, providing an important ecological context for the use of detoxification behavior. Detoxification behavior also represents a mechanism that can influence the order of assemblage dominance hierarchies surrounding food competition. Thus, this behavior likely influences ant-assemblages through a variety of ecological pathways.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

dryad32/100

Data from: Chemical warfare among invaders: a detoxification interaction facilitates an ant invasion

As tawny crazy ants (Nylanderia fulva) invade the southern USA, they often displace imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta). Following exposure to S. invicta venom, N. fulva applies abdominal exocrine gland secretions to its cuticle. Bioassays reveal that these secretions detoxify S. invicta venom. Further, formic acid, from N. fulva venom, is the detoxifying agent. N. fulva exhibits this detoxification behavior after conflict with a variety of ant species; however, it expresses it most intensely after interactions with S. invicta. This behavior may have evolved in their shared South American native range. The unique capacity to detoxify a major competitor's venom likely contributes substantially to its ability to displace S. invicta populations, making this behavior a causative agent in the ecological transformation of regional arthropod assemblages.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2024View details →

A singlet oxygen non-radical pathway for Rhodamine B dye degradation: Study on its stability, mechanism of degradation, and detoxification

This study examined the degradation pathway of used face mask-derived carbon (UFMC) as a catalyst to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) without light sources and metal for Rhodamine B (RhB) dye degradation. The structural changes in the UFMC catalyst resulting from RhB degradation reduced its oxygen functionality and so reduced the rate of RhB dye degradation with each usage. The structural changes of UFMC catalysts were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The oxygen functionalities were involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), in terms of singlet oxygen (1O2), which are involved in the RhB dye degradation mechanism. This was confirmed using paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and scavenging analyses. Re-useability and stability investigations revealed the UFMC catalyst reached a minimum degradation percentage (38.8%) in the 5th cycle, confirming the complete utilization of UFMC functional groups for RhB dye degradation. Finally, the ability to detoxify the RhB dye water was assessed using zebrafish (Danio rerio) with different RhB dye concentrations (2 to 6 mg/L), and 0 to 72 h of incubation at 26 °C and the yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiaetests) harvested about 107 cells per mL for 24 h under shaking at 160 rpm at 30 °C. Based on these results, the animal models were exposed to the RhB dye water, the significant changes in their growth were evident. However, treated with the RhB degraded water as a control, no developmental deformity was observed. This research employed the UFM derived carbon conveniently supported with PMS for dye removal application.

Fig. 7 in Unveiling fungal detoxification pathways of the cruciferous phytoalexin rapalexin A: Sequential L-cysteine conjugation, acetylation and oxidative cyclization mediated by Colletotrichum spp.

Fig. 7. Formation of 3-benzyl-4-hydroxy-2-thioxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (12) from benzylisothiocyanate (11) in mammals.

Fig. 1 in Unveiling fungal detoxification pathways of the cruciferous phytoalexin rapalexin A: Sequential L-cysteine conjugation, acetylation and oxidative cyclization mediated by Colletotrichum spp.

Fig. 1. Formation of isothiocyanates (ITCs) from glucosinolates (GLCs) via Lossen type rearrangement is mediated by myrosinases in plants of the order Brassicales.

Fig. 10 in Unveiling fungal detoxification pathways of the cruciferous phytoalexin rapalexin A: Sequential L-cysteine conjugation, acetylation and oxidative cyclization mediated by Colletotrichum spp.

Fig. 10. Proposed pathways for transformation of rapalexin A (1) to N-acetyl-S-(8-methoxy-4H-thiazolo[5,4-b]indol-2-yl)-L-cysteine (5, tR = 7.1 min) and 4-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-2-thioxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (9, tR = 3.4 min) mediated by Colletotrichum dematium and C. higginsianum and degradation of 9; two arrows indicate more than one step; square brackets indicate potential intermediate; Ea = electron acceptor.

Fig. 3 in Unveiling fungal detoxification pathways of the cruciferous phytoalexin rapalexin A: Sequential L-cysteine conjugation, acetylation and oxidative cyclization mediated by Colletotrichum spp.

Fig. 3. Selected HMBC correlations of N-acetyl-S-(8-methoxy-4H-thiazolo[5,4- b]indol-2-yl)cysteine (5, tR = 7.1 min).

Fig. 2 in Unveiling fungal detoxification pathways of the cruciferous phytoalexin rapalexin A: Sequential L-cysteine conjugation, acetylation and oxidative cyclization mediated by Colletotrichum spp.

Fig. 2. Detoxification of the cruciferous phytoalexin brassinin (2) to indolyl-3-methanamine (4) and indole-3-carboxaldehyde (3) by the plant fungal pathogens Alternaria brassicicola (A. b.) and Leptosphaeria maculans (L. m.), respectively.