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Fig. 5 in Effects of large temperature fluctuations on hatching and subsequent development of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 5. Pupa and adult traits (mean ± SE) afer different treatments. (A) Development time of pupae, (B) emergence rate, (C) adult longevity and (D) fecundity in the diamondback moth following emergence from eggs exposed to different fluctuating temperature ranges (25 ± 0, 25 ± 2, 25 ± 4, 25 ± 6, 25 ± 8 and 25 ± 10 °C). Different letters at the tops of columns indicate significant differences at P = 0.05.

Fig. 3 in Effects of large temperature fluctuations on hatching and subsequent development of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 3. Egg traits (mean ± SE) afer different treatments. (A) Development time of eggs and (B) hatching rate of diamondback moth under 6 different temperature regimens with the same mean temperature but different ranges of temperature fluctuations (25 ± 0, 25 ± 2, 25 ± 4, 25 ± 6, 25 ± 8 and 25 ± 10 °C). Different letters at the tops of the columns indicate significant differences at P = 0.05.

Fig. 2 in Effects of large temperature fluctuations on hatching and subsequent development of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 2. Target temperatures in experiments. Target temperatures with different ranges of temperature fluctuations around 25 °C in climate chambers for 3 consecutive days.

Fig. 4 in Effects of large temperature fluctuations on hatching and subsequent development of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 4. Traits of larvae (mean ±SE) hatched from eggs exposed to treatments involving the same mean temperature but various ranges of temperature fluctuations. (A) Development times of larvae, (B) pupation rates, (C) pre-pupal masses and (D) growth rates of larvae following emergence from eggs exposed to different fluctuating temperature ranges (25 ± 0, 25 ± 2, 25 ± 4, 25 ± 6, 25 ± 8 and 25 ± 10 °C). Different letters at the tops of columns indicate significant differences at P = 0.05.

Fig. 1 in Effects of large temperature fluctuations on hatching and subsequent development of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 1. Diurnal air temperature fluctuations in a cabbage field in the summer in Beijing. Temperature was recorded with a data logger placed close to the underside of leaves and placed 30–35 cm above the ground in the middle of a 2 ha cabbage field.

Fig. 4 in Antennal sensillum morphology and electrophysiological responses of olfactory receptor neurons in trichoid sensilla of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 4. The occurrence of 3 different antennal trichoid sensilla in relation to their widths (A, B and C) in male and female diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. D shows the widths of the sensilla plotted against their lengths for the 3 trichoid sensilla types (Tr I, Tr II and Tr III). Data obtained from 3 females and 5 males.

Fig. 3 in Antennal sensillum morphology and electrophysiological responses of olfactory receptor neurons in trichoid sensilla of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 3. The number of each of 4 types of sensilla along various antennal segments (1–10 = proximal end, 11–20 = middle, 21–30 = distal end) of female (A, C) and male (B, D) diamondback moths, Plutella xylostella. The estimated number of sensilla (C, D) was calculated based on the surface area of each segment section, and by assuming that sensilla were present on 2/3 of the surface (mean ± S.E., n = 5–15 in females and 9–18 in males).

Fig. 7 in Antennal sensillum morphology and electrophysiological responses of olfactory receptor neurons in trichoid sensilla of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 7. Sensilla styloconica identified on the antennae of female (A, C and D) and male (B, E and F) Plutela xylostella. One sensillum styloconicum is located near the anterio-ventral end in each flagella subsegment (A, B). Usually 1 terminal sensory cone is present at the distal end in each sensillum styloconicum (C, D, E, F).

Fig. 2 in Antennal sensillum morphology and electrophysiological responses of olfactory receptor neurons in trichoid sensilla of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 2. Gross antennal morphology of female (A, B) and male (C) Plutella xylostella, and a part of a male antenna showing the presence of different morphological types of sensilla (D). Ac (sensilla auricillica); Cc (sensilla coeloconica); Ch (sensilla chaetica); Tr I (sensilla trichodea Type I); Tr II (sensilla trichodea Type II); Tr III (sensilla trichodea Type III).

Fig. 6 in Antennal sensillum morphology and electrophysiological responses of olfactory receptor neurons in trichoid sensilla of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 6. Detailed surface morphology of sensilla coeloconica (A, B and C) and sensilla auricillica (D, E and F) of the antennae of Plutela xylostella.

Fig. 8 in Antennal sensillum morphology and electrophysiological responses of olfactory receptor neurons in trichoid sensilla of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 8. Traces of the response spikes of the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in class A trichoid sensilla of female Plutella xylostella in response to various green leaf volatiles. Each trace shows the extracellular signals for a period of 5 s. The scale bar indicates the stimulation for 0.1 s with corresponding test stimulus.

Fig. 9 in Antennal sensillum morphology and electrophysiological responses of olfactory receptor neurons in trichoid sensilla of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 9. Traces of the response spikes of the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in class D trichoid sensilla of female Plutella xylostella in response to geraniol and (±)-linalool. Each trace shows the extracellular signals for a period of 5 s. The scale bar indicates the stimulation for 0.1 s with corresponding test stimulus.

Fig. 1 in Antennal sensillum morphology and electrophysiological responses of olfactory receptor neurons in trichoid sensilla of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 1. The length (triangles) and diam (squares) of each flagellar subsegment of the antennae of female (A) and male (B) diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Data obtained from 3 females and 5 males.

Fig. 5 in Antennal sensillum morphology and electrophysiological responses of olfactory receptor neurons in trichoid sensilla of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 5. Detailed surface morphology of the sensilla trichodea (A, B, C and D) and sensilla chaetica (A, B and E) of the antennae of Plutela xylostella.

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Figure 1 in Cloning and characterization of ubiquitin ribosome fusion gene RpS27a, a deltamethrin-resistance-associated gene from diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.)

Figure 1. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the P. xylostella RpS27a gene coding region. The deduced amino acid sequence is presented below the nucleotide sequence in a single letter. The nuclear localization signal sequence is shaded. The initial and termination codon are underlined. The stop codon is denoted with an asterisk.

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Figure 5. Phylogenetic relationship between P. xylostella RpS27a in Cloning and characterization of ubiquitin ribosome fusion gene RpS27a, a deltamethrin-resistance-associated gene from diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.)

Figure 5. Phylogenetic relationship between P. xylostella RpS27a and some other species. Corresponding GenBank accession numbers are: M. sexta: ACY95367.1; P. dardanus: CAH04128.1; Bombyx mori: NP_001091826.1; P. polytes: BAM18943.1; P. xuthus: BAM17728.1; S. frugiperda: AAL62473.1; D. plexippus: EHJ77179.1; A. yamamai: BAD05031.1; P. xylostella: JX437934; T. rubida: AER92457.1; D. melanogaster: NP_476778.1; A. aegypti: AAS79344.1; C. quinquefasciatus: XP_001844485.1.

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Figure 6 in Cloning and characterization of ubiquitin ribosome fusion gene RpS27a, a deltamethrin-resistance-associated gene from diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.)

Figure 6. mRNA level of RpS27a in DS-strain and DR-strain of P. xylostella. All values are expressed as means ± SD. DS-strain: deltamethrin-susceptible strain; DR-strain: deltamethrinresistant strain. *P <0.01.

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Fig. 2 in Tyrosine hydroxylase, a potential target for the RNAi-mediated management of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 2. Larval feeding rate in treatments with various concentrations of dsRNA. Here, T1, T2, and T3 are 3 concentrations of TH dsRNA. The initial leaf disc area was 19.16 cm2.

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Fig. 1 in Tyrosine hydroxylase, a potential target for the RNAi-mediated management of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fig. 1. Extent of TH silencing in the larvae treated with various concentrations of dsRNA. The expression levels of TH were analyzed on the 3rd day of feeding on various concentrations of cognate TH dsRNA and 3.12 μg/cm2 non-target DREB1A (control) dsRNA. Error bars indicate the standard error of the mean of 3 replicates.