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39 results for “diet shift”
Stomach contents (1977-1981) and stable isotopes (1994) from the Everglades, Florida, USA from the publication "Fishes in a seasonally pulsed wetland show spatiotemporal shifts in diet and trophic niche but not shifts in trophic position"
Stomach contents of fishes (1977-1981) and stable isotopes of fishes, invertebrates, and basal resources (1994) were collected from spikerush marsh, sawgrass ridge, and alligator pond habitats in Shark River Slough, Everglades National Park, Florida, USA. These data were used to quantify diet, trophic niche area, trophic position, basal resource use and how these metrics vary among size classes, seasons, and habitats. Data collection is complete. These data support Flood et al. (2023). Associated R code will be made available through Peter Flood's GitHub: https://github.com/pjflood/historic_everglades_aquatic_food_web. References: Flood, Peter J., William F. Loftus, and Joel C. Trexler. "Fishes in a seasonally pulsed wetland show spatiotemporal shifts in diet and trophic niche but not shifts in trophic position." Food Webs 34 (2023): e00265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fooweb.2022.e00265
Stable isotope analysis reveals shifts in diet of a breeding montane bird
<p><span>Insectivorous breeding birds require access to high quality prey to produce a successful nest. A lack of suitable prey (e.g., low nutritional quality or low invertebrate availability) that fulfill energetic demands can negatively affect nestling growth and survival. In high elevation ecosystems (>900 m), cooler and wetter climates can have negative influences on invertebrate availability which in turn can affect bird diets. Yet we lack studies of how diet composition changes over elevation gradients. Here, we assessed the diet of Swainson's Thrush (<em>Catharus ustulaus</em>) within the White Mountains, New Hampshire using stable isotope analysis and DNA metabarcoding. We found that the proportion of detritivore arthropods in thrush diets increased with elevation, while the proportion of predatory arthropods and overall niche-width declined. Further, we show that high-elevation thrushes had diets that were different in composition, but similar in diversity to thrushes at low-elevation sites. Lepidoptera, araneae, and coleoptera were important diet items across all elevations, but increases in woodlice and ghost spiders contributed to familial-level differences in diet composition at high-elevation sites. This research suggests montane breeding birds may be consuming low quality prey (i.e., millipedes) at high elevation sites, due to either availability or preference. With considerations due to climate change, environmental contamination, and residual impacts on the diet and nutrient availability for breeding montane birds, understanding diet composition changes along environmental gradients can provide information on nutrient availability for species that breed in harsh climatic conditions. Future work on invertebrate availability and nutritional composition, daily energy expenditure, and dietary niche would help contribute to important context to conserving montane birds within these sensitive, high elevation systems. </span></p>
Fig. 3 in Diet shift of Red Belly Pacu Piaractus brachypomus (Cuvier, 1818) (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), a Neotropical fish, in the Sepik-Ramu River Basin, Papua New Guinea
Fig. 3. Bray Curtis (Polar) ordination of arcsine-square root transformed volumetric proportions of food categories. Abbreviations: AP, aquatic plants; AI, aquatic invertebrates; Fi, fish remains; TP, terrestrial plants; TI, terrestrial invertebrates. Other includes: mammals, arthropods, plant material of unknown origin, and debris (Sepik); detritus (Tarapoto); gravel (Caquetá FW). Site abbreviations follow those in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2 in Diet shift of Red Belly Pacu Piaractus brachypomus (Cuvier, 1818) (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), a Neotropical fish, in the Sepik-Ramu River Basin, Papua New Guinea
Fig. 2. Comparison of the relative contribution of food categories to the diet (% volume) of Piaractus brachypomus of introduced (Sepik River) and natural populations (Colombia: Tarapoto Lake and Caquetá River; Brazil: Tocantins River and Tucuruí Reservoir; Venezuela: Caura River). Food items included in each category are listed in Table 1. Category "Other" includes: mammals, arthropods, plant material of unknown origin, and debris (Sepik); detritus (Tarapoto); gravel (Caquetá FW). Abbreviations: FW, falling water season, LW, low water season; RW, rising water season; DS, downstream from reservoir; RS, reservoir.
Fig. 1 in Diet shift of Red Belly Pacu Piaractus brachypomus (Cuvier, 1818) (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), a Neotropical fish, in the Sepik-Ramu River Basin, Papua New Guinea
Fig. 1. Map of sampling site and locations of comparative studies. Circles represent sites in the Amazon Basin (Colombia: Tarapoto Lake and Caquetá River; Brazil: Tocantins River). The triangle represents a site in the Orinoco Basin (Venezuela: Caura River). The star represents the sampling site at the lower Sepik River, Papua New Guinea (PNG).
Figure 3 in Seasonal and ontogenetic diet shift of two sympatric cyprinid fish species from the temperate Karamenderes River, Çanakkale, Turkey
Figure 3. Relationship between prey specific abundance and the frequency of occurrence of the food categories in B. oligolepis (upper) and S. cii (lower) diets based on Costello's method. Bac: Bacillariophyceae, Cya: Cyanophyceae, Fun: fungi, Chl: Chlorophyceae, Ins: Insecta, Zyg: Zygnomophyceae, Oli: Oligochaeta, 1: Byrophyta, 2: Bryozoa, 3: Xantophyceae, 4: Amphipoda, 5: zooplankton.
Figure 5 in Seasonal and ontogenetic diet shift of two sympatric cyprinid fish species from the temperate Karamenderes River, Çanakkale, Turkey
Figure 5. The relationships between fish total body length (TL), gut content weight (GCW), and fish body weight (W) in S. cii. The full circles indicate GCW and the empty circles indicate W.
Figure 4 in Seasonal and ontogenetic diet shift of two sympatric cyprinid fish species from the temperate Karamenderes River, Çanakkale, Turkey
Figure 4. Percent abundance (gray columns) and frequency (white columns) of B. oligolepis (upper) and S. cii (lower) gut contents.
Figure 2 in Seasonal and ontogenetic diet shift of two sympatric cyprinid fish species from the temperate Karamenderes River, Çanakkale, Turkey
Figure 2. The relationships between the total lengths and the gut lengths of two species. Empty circles indicate Squalius cii and full circles indicate Barbus oligolepis.
Data from: Changes in Invertebrate Food Web Structure Between High- and Low-productivity Environments are Driven by Intermediate but Not Top Predator Diet Shifts
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Stable isotope analysis reveals shifts in diet of a breeding montane bird
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Sex-specific shifts in morphology and diet in a frog after 50 years of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation
<p><span>Aim:</span><span> Phenotypic shifts are commonly observed when animals face insular habitat change and may reflect ongoing stresses on individuals. However, the generality and the driving processes of this 'island rule' remain equivocal, notably in amphibians. Here, we</span> <span>investigate both morphological and dietary shifts in a frog using a mosaic of human-created islands to assess the potential operating mechanisms underlying these phenotypic responses</span>.</p> <p><span>Location: </span><span>Thousand Island Lake, China.</span></p> <p><span>Taxon: </span><span>The Chinese piebald odorous frog, Odorrana schmackeri.</span></p> <p><span>Results:</span><span> W</span>e found insular dwarfism in female<span> but not male</span> frogs.<span> Meanwhile, insular females also had smaller gape widths after accounting for snout-vent lengths (SVLs) than mainland females. According to SEMs</span>, resource availability <span>had a direct positive effect on </span>body size. <span>Finally, d</span>iet composition <span>differed</span> between island and mainland<span> populations, but only in females. Males and females on islands</span> exhibited <span>greater</span> <span>overlaps in </span>diet.</p> <p><span>Main conclusions:</span><span> In contrast with most studies in amphibians</span><span>, we found insular dwarfism rather than gigantism in females. The smaller gape width after accounting for SVL in insular females suggests potential changes in prey utilization or food availability on these human-created islands. This notion is </span><span>further </span><span>supported</span><span> by the differentiation of diet composition between island and mainland females. The higher diet overlap between sexes implies stronger intersexual competition for food resources after habitat fragmentation. Overall, we found shifts in morphology and diet in frogs which may implicate the influence of habitat fragmentation and underscores the need to consider intersexual differences when assessing responses of species to anthropogenic disturbances.</span></p>
Figure 1 in Seasonal and ontogenetic diet shift of two sympatric cyprinid fish species from the temperate Karamenderes River, Çanakkale, Turkey
Figure 1. The Karamenderes River and sampling station.
Mediterranean Diet Education in Shift Nurses: Effects on Sleep, Activity, and Health Parameters
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT07123610. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Sex-specific shifts in morphology and diet in a frog after 50 years of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation
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Data from: Delineating seasonal shifts in Reindeer habitat and diet selection by integrating GPS telemetry and stable Isotope analysis
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Data from: Continental-scale patterns reveal potential for warming-induced shifts in cattle diet
In North America, it has been shown that cattle in warmer, drier grasslands have lower quality diets than those cattle grazing cooler, wetter grasslands, which suggests warming will increase nutritional stress and reduce weight gain. Yet, little is known about how the plant species that comprise cattle diets change across these gradients and whether these shifts in dietary quality coincide with shifts in dietary composition, i.e. the relative abundance of different plant species consumed by cattle. To quantify geographic patterns in dietary composition, we analyzed the dietary composition and dietary quality of unsupplemented cattle from 289 sites across the central US by sequence-based analyses of plant DNA isolated from cattle fecal samples. Overall, assuming that the percentage of reads for a species in a sample corresponds to the percentage of protein derived from the species, only 45% of the protein intake for cattle was derived from grasses. Within the Great Plains, northern cattle relied more on grasses than southern cattle, which derived a greater proportion of their protein from herbaceous and woody eudicots. Eastern cattle were also more likely to consume a unique assemblage of plant species than western cattle. High dietary protein was not strongly tied to consumption of any specific plant species, which suggests that efforts to promote individual plant species may not easily remedy protein deficiencies. A few plant species were consistently associated with lower quality diets. For example, the diets of cattle with high amounts of Elymus or Hesperostipa were more likely to have lower crude protein concentrations than diets with less of these grasses. Overall, our analyses suggest that climatic warming will increase the reliance of cattle on eudicots as protein concentrations of grasses decline. Monitoring cattle diet with this DNA-based sequencing approach can be an effective tool for quantifying cattle diet to better increase animal performance and guide mitigation strategies to changing climates.
Data from: Diet breadth and exploitation of exotic plants shift the core microbiome of Cephaloleia, a group of tropical herbivorous beetles
The beetle genus Cephaloleia has evolved in association with tropical ginger plants and for many species their specific host plant associations are known. Here we show that the core microbiome of six closely related Costa Rican Cephaloleia species comprises only eight bacterial groups, including members of the Acinetobacter, Enterobacteriacea, Pseudomonas, Lactococcus, and Comamonas. The Acinetobacter and Enterobacteriacea together accounted for 35% of the total average 16S rRNA ribotypes recovered from all specimens. Further, microbiome diversity and community structure was significantly linked to beetle diet breadth, between those foraging on less than two plant types (specialists) versus over nine plant types (generalists). Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae were highly prevalent in specialist species, and also present in eggs, while Rickettsiaceae associated exclusively with generalist beetles. Bacteria isolated from Cephaloleia digestive systems had distinct capabilities and suggested a possible beneficial role in both digestion of plant-based compounds, including xylose, mannitol, and pectin, and possible detoxification, via lipases. Cephaloleia species are currently expanding their diets to include exotic invasive plants, yet it is unknown whether their microbial community plays a role in this transition. In this study, colonization of invasive plants was correlated with a dysbiosis of the microbiome, suggesting a possible relationship between gut bacteria and niche adaptation.
Data from: Oral microbiomes from hunter-gatherers and traditional farmers reveal shifts in commensal balance and pathogen load linked to diet
Maladaptation to modern diets has been implicated in several chronic disorders. Given the higher prevalence of disease such as dental caries and chronic gum diseases in industrialized societies, we sought to investigate the impact of different subsistence strategies on oral health and physiology, as documented by the oral microbiome. To control for confounding variables such as environment and host genetics, we sampled saliva from three pairs of populations of hunter-gatherers and traditional farmers living in close proximity in the Philippines. Deep shotgun sequencing of salivary DNA generated high-coverage microbiomes along with human genomes. Comparing these microbiomes with publicly available data from individuals living on a Western diet revealed that abundance ratios of core species were significantly correlated with subsistence strategy, with hunter-gatherers and Westerners occupying either end of a gradient of Neisseria against Haemophilus, and traditional farmers falling in between. Species found preferentially in hunter-gatherers included microbes often considered as oral pathogens, despite their hosts' apparent good oral health. Discriminant analysis of gene functions revealed vitamin B5 autotrophy and urease-mediated pH regulation as candidate adaptations of the microbiome to the hunter-gatherer and Western diets, respectively. These results suggest that major transitions in diet selected for different communities of commensals and likely played a role in the emergence of modern oral pathogens.
Data from: Ecological release lead to novel otogenetic diet shift in kokanee (Oncoryhnchus nerka)
We investigate adaptive resource polymorphism in kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka) from Jo-Jo Lake, Alaska by determining whether previously observed niche expansion occurs at the population or individual level. Utilizing morphological, genetic, and stable isotope techniques, we found no evidence of discrete trophic morphotypes as previously described, but instead found evidence for an ontogenetic diet shift. Carbon and nitrogen isotope data indicate a 40% decrease in the proportion of benthic feeding and an increase of 1 trophic position over the size and age ranges of adult kokanee, corresponding to a diet shift from consumption of macroinvertebrates in smaller individuals to piscivory in larger individuals. This novel piscivory in kokanee may result from predatory and competitive freedom resulting from the lack of limnetic predators in Jo-Jo Lake. Piscivorous feeding despite a phenotype-environment mismatch has resulted in large, piscivorous kokanee having up to 70% of their gill rakers damaged. Observed reductions in gill raker number relative to the putative ancestral population are convergent with expectations for piscivorous fishes, despite a presumed lack of standing genetic variation for piscivory in the sockeye salmon-kokanee species complex. Jo-Jo Lake kokanee are a distinctive example of adaptation in salmonids in response to ecological release. This unusual population highlights the importance of phenotypic plasticity in response to competition in shaping the adaptive landscape and altering evolutionary trajectories.
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