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11 results for “digit ratio”
Data from: Digit ratio and length asymmetry in calves' limbs
<p>This study considered possible sexual dimorphism in the relative lengths of the second, third and fourth digits (digit ratio), in calves. Furthermore, a different length of the bone structures of the third (3D) and of the fourth (4D) digits has been examined as an evolutionary adaptation to locomotion on soft ground. The length of the digital bones of the right fore-limb of 33 females and 15 male calves was measured in vivo using a portable X-ray machine. The vestigial structure of the second digit (2D), and 3D and 4D, from metacarpus to the third phalanx were considered in a mixed model, as well as some ratios between 2D and different parts of 3D or 4D (2D:3D and 2D:4D). A covariate for the mean finger length was considered for digit ratios to control for possible biases due to shape allometry. Shorter first phalanx and trotter were found in 3D than in 4D, and the reverse for the third phalanx. The 2D was significantly shorter in females, as well as the second phalanges of 3D and 4D. Significant sex differences in 2D:3D and 2D:4D were found for some digit parts of 3D and 4D and for the first phalanges of 3D:4D. These ratios were always shorter in females, in contrast to that found in most mammals. The asymmetry between 3D and 4D could mean a functional adaptation for locomotion. Sex differences in 2D:4D and 3D:4D were found, but with a reverse pattern than in most mammal species (males > females rather than males < females). In this regard digit ratio in calves was similar to that of Old World monkeys. This study is the first investigation of digit ratio in Ungulates, whose limbs differ from the limbs of most Mammals, maintaining five digits. The reverse pattern of sex differences (digit ratios: males > females) could be due to the peculiar nature of the vestigial dewclaw of 2D and to the hormone patterns acting on this digit during development, but further research is required around this topic.</p>
Data from: Digit ratio and length asymmetry in calves’ limbs
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Data from: Environmental levels of oestrogenic and antiandrogenic compounds feminize digit ratios in male rats and their unexposed male progeny
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Data from: Digit ratio (2D:4D) and prosocial behavior in economic games: no direct correlation with generosity, bargaining, or trust-related behaviors
Prenatal exposure to sex hormones exerts organizational effects on the brain which have observable behavioral correlates in adult life. There are reasons to expect that social behaviors—fundamental for the evolutionary success of humans—might be related to biological factors such as prenatal sex hormone exposure. Nevertheless, the existing literature is inconclusive as to whether and how prenatal exposure to testosterone and estrogen, proxied by the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), may predict non-selfish behavior. Here, we investigate this question using economic experiments with real monetary stakes and analyze five different dimensions of social behavior in a comparatively large sample of Caucasian participants (n=560). For both males and females, our results show no robust association between right- or left-hand 2D:4D and generosity, bargaining, or trust-related behaviors. Moreover, no differences in behavior were found according to sex. We conclude that there is no direct correlation between 2D:4D and these social behaviors.
Data from: Digit ratio predicts the number of lifetime recruits in female collared flycatchers
The early environment in which an organism grows can have long-lasting impact on both its phenotype and fitness. However, assessing this environment comprehensively is a formidable task. The relative length of the second to the fourth digit (2D:4D) is a broadly studied skeletal trait that is fixed for life during ontogeny. 2D:4D has been shown to indicate various early effects including the perinatal steroid milieu in both humans and non-human animals. However, the fitness relevance of the early effects indicated by 2D:4D remains unknown. Here, we investigated hindlimb 2D:4D and measures of lifetime performance in wild collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis) females. We found that females with higher 2D:4D had a greater number of recruiting offspring to the breeding population. This was the case despite the fact that such females did not lay more eggs or breed more times during their reproductive life. Our results support that 2D:4D, known to be a retrospective marker of perinatal development, positively associates with female quality in the collared flycatcher.
Data from: Digit ratio predicts the number of lifetime recruits in female collared flycatchers
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Data from: Digit ratio (2D:4D) and prosocial behavior in economic games: no direct correlation with generosity, bargaining, or trust-related behaviors
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Data from: Low second-to-fourth digit ratio predicts indiscriminate social suspicion, not improved trustworthiness detection
Testosterone administration appears to make individuals less trusting, and this effect has been interpreted as an adaptive adjustment of social suspicion, that improved the accuracy of trusting decisions. Here, we consider another possibility, namely that testosterone increases the subjective cost of being duped, decreasing the propensity to trust without improving the accuracy of trusting decisions. In line with this hypothesis, we show that second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D : 4D, a proxy for effects of testosterone in the foetus) correlates with the propensity to trust, but not with the accuracy of trusting decisions. Trust game players (n = 144) trusted less when they had lower 2D : 4D (high prenatal testosterone), but their ability to detect the strategy of other players was constant (and better than chance) across all levels of digit ratio. Our results suggest that early prenatal organizing effects of testosterone in the foetus might impair rather than boost economic outcomes, by promoting indiscriminate social suspicion.
Data from: Low second-to-fourth digit ratio predicts indiscriminate social suspicion, not improved trustworthiness detection
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A New Reproducible Method of Measuring C/D Ratio of Digital Stereo Images of Optic Disc
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01683942. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 0. Publications: 0.
No association between developmental instability as a general measure of stress and 2D:4D digit ratios in a non-Western sample
<p>Objective: Random deviation from perfect symmetry of organisms is defined as fluctuating asymmetry. Fluctuating asymmetry is widely considered to be a marker of developmental instability, developmental noise and phenotypic quality at the population level. In this study, we investigated hypothesized relationship between 2D:4D digit ratios as a proxy measure of prenatal sex hormones and developmental instability levels in young adult humans Materials and Methods: In the study, seven bilateral traits were measured for fluctuating asymmetry, as well as second and fourth digit lengths on both hands of 185 individuals, 87 men (mean age: 22.42±3.37) and 97 women (mean age: 22.88±3.87). The second digit length was divided by the fourth digit length and the resulting value was used as the digit ratio (2D:4D). Composite fluctuating asymmetry was calculated using five bilateral traits displaying fluctuating asymmetry. Results: Only the right hand 2D:4D ratio is lower in men than in women. However, this difference disappears when the effect of digit lengths is controlled. Composite fluctuating asymmetry results reveal that men are more asymmetrical than women. There was no significant relationship between digit ratios and composite fluctuating asymmetry. Conclusion: In this study, the 2D:4D digit ratios appear to be influenced (at least in humans) by different digit lengths. This study also confirms previous studies that digit ratios as a proxy measure of exposure to either high testosterone or estrogen levels during early development does not appear to affect levels of developmental instability.</p>
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