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Fig. 3 in The threat of pesticide and disease co-exposure to managed and wild bee larvae

Fig. 3. Pesticide research bias across bee genera depending on pesticide type based on Web of Science searches. The number of studies per search term is indicated for each genus with at least 10 studies across search terms; Understudied is a cumulative group including genera which contain less than 10 studies; Unexplored is a cumulative group including genera which have no published papers for any pesticide exposure category. Warmer colours are used to indicate a higher number of studies related to a genus for the corresponding pesticide search term, while colder colours indicate a lower number of studies found. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in The threat of pesticide and disease co-exposure to managed and wild bee larvae

Fig. 4. Brood pathogens studies per bee genera found from Web of Science searches using search terms "brood disease", "brood pathogen", "brood virus", "larvae disease", "larvae pathogen" and "larvae virus" across bee genera. Red squares indicate that a pathogen on the x-axis has been found to infect at least one species in the bee genus corresponding to its position in the phylogeny shown on the y-axis; yellow squares indicate that the pathogen on the x-axis has been found in individuals from at least one species in the genus on the y-axis but no symptoms were reported in the studies; dark grey squares indicate that the pathogen on the x-axis has been tested for in at least one species in the genus corresponding on the yaxis, however has not been found; white squares indicate that the searches found no studies where any bee species of the genus on the y-axis were tested for in the corresponding pathogens on the x-axis. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in The threat of pesticide and disease co-exposure to managed and wild bee larvae

Fig. 2. Proportion of results per search term across bee genera on the Web of Science search engine (n = the total number of studies corresponding to each search term). Search terms related to brood disease (A) and pesticide exposure (B) are both compared to species diversity at the genus level. Genera with less than 5 studies in any brood disease search term (A) and less than 10 studies across any pesticide exposure search term (B) have been classified as 'Understudied' (brown) and grouped. Genera with no studies related to any brood disease search term (A) and no studies related to any pesticide exposure search term (B) have been classified as 'Unexplored' (grey) and grouped. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 1 in The threat of pesticide and disease co-exposure to managed and wild bee larvae

Fig. 1. Flowers contaminated with brood pathogens and pesticides can lead to simultaneous exposure to pesticides and brood pathogens from flowers in adult foraging bees (A). This leads to brood being co-exposed to the stressors via food provisioning (B). Pesticides may increase larval mortality from brood infections directly through compromised immunocompetence (C), and/or indirectly through manipulating microbial communities and compromising food provisions from adult bees (D) (Icons8, 2022).

opencc-byJun 2023View details →

Assessment of Capacity of the primary Health System in the management of noncommunicable Diseases in Ghana

This questionnaire was used to assess the capacity of primary health system in the management of NCDs

ClinicalTrials.gov40/100

A Study Aimed to Assess the Needs of Subjects With Sickle Cell Disease and Healthcare Professionals Managing Sickle Cell Disease Patients in Selected Nigerian Centres

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04505969. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 7.

controlledIPD-YESFeb 2026View details →

ClinicalTrials.gov40/100

Study of Management of Pasireotide-induced Hyperglycemia in Adult Patients With Cushing's Disease or Acromegaly

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02060383. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 12. Publications: 2.

controlledIPD-YESFeb 2026View details →

dryad40/100

Temperature and pH dynamics during carcass decomposition and implications for disease management

Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.

publicAug 2025View details →

opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

Data from: A natural gene drive system influences bovine tuberculosis susceptibility in African buffalo: possible implications for disease management

Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is endemic to the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) of Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park (HiP) and Kruger National Park, South Africa. In HiP, the disease has been actively managed since 1999 through a test-and-cull procedure targeting BTB-positive buffalo. Prior studies in Kruger showed associations between microsatellite alleles, BTB and body condition. A sex chromosomal meiotic drive, a form of natural gene drive, was hypothesized to be ultimately responsible. These associations indicate high-frequency occurrence of two types of male-deleterious alleles (or multiple-allele haplotypes). One type negatively affects body condition and BTB resistance in both sexes. The other type has sexually antagonistic effects: negative in males but positive in females. Here, we investigate whether a similar gene drive system is present in HiP buffalo, using 17 autosomal microsatellites and microsatellite-derived Y-chromosomal haplotypes from 401 individuals, culled in 2002-2004. We show that the association between autosomal microsatellite alleles and BTB susceptibility detected in Kruger, is also present in HiP. Further, Y-haplotype frequency dynamics indicated that a sex chromosomal meiotic drive also occurred in HiP. BTB was associated with negative selection of male-deleterious alleles in HiP, unlike positive selection in Kruger. Birth sex ratios were female-biased. We attribute negative selection and female-biased sex ratios in HiP to the absence of a Y-chromosomal sex-ratio distorter. This distorter has been hypothesized to contribute to positive selection of male-deleterious alleles and male-biased birth sex ratios in Kruger. As previously shown in Kruger, microsatellite alleles were only associated with male-deleterious effects in individuals born after wet pre-birth years; a phenomenon attributed to epigenetic modification. We identified two additional allele types: male-specific deleterious and beneficial alleles, with no discernible effect on females. Finally, we discuss how our findings may be used for breeding disease-free buffalo and implementing BTB test-and-cull programs.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Individual and temporal variation in movement patterns of wild alpine reindeer and implications for disease management

Animal behaviour is important for prevalence and outbreaks of infectious diseases, for instance by affecting individual interactions. Increasing the knowledge of individual movement patterns can provide better insight into disease prevalence and spread, helping to target efforts to minimise disease outbreaks. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal prion disease affecting cervids. CWD is transmitted by animal-to-animal contact and through the environment, thus individual variation in space use and social associations may influence disease transmission patterns and infection risk. CWD was detected in Norwegian alpine reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in 2016, and eradication of the infected population was implemented. A 3:1 infection rate between males and females suggests sex-specific behavioural drivers. We utilised an extensive individual-based dataset of 149 GPS-marked wild reindeer to investigate individual variation in movement patterns in terms of inter- and intra-annual home range size and site fidelity, and variation in home range overlap and distances between individuals. We aimed to identify patterns which could indicate higher potential disease risk. Females had larger annual and seasonal home ranges than males, except during calving and rut. Greater home range overlaps and shorter between-individual distances were found between same-sex individuals than different-sex individuals, except during the rut. Accordingly, the rut season stands out with greater male home ranges, greater home range overlap and shorter distances between males and between males and females, which could indicate that this season is critical for disease transmission. Measures to prevent disease spread should lower contact rates, e.g., by reducing the abundance of adult males before they mix with other groups during the rut. This can be achieved for instance by allowing earlier hunt on adult males when they are distributed in small male groups, to reduce the transmission risk and keep disturbance of other individuals low.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Disease management during bloom affects the floral microbiome but not pollination in a mass-flowering crop

Flowering crops are heavily managed during bloom to both promote pollination and prevent disease. Disease management practices can alter the floral microbiome, including pathogens and non-target microbes. However, whether agrochemical presence or altered microbiome composition affect pollinator foraging and pollination services is unclear. We assessed the effects of orchard management tactics and landscape context on the flower microbiome in almond, Prunus dulcis. Fourteen orchards (5 conventional, 4 organic, 5 conventional with habitat augmentation) were sampled at early and peak bloom to characterize bacterial and fungal communities associated with floral tissues. The surveys were complemented by an artificial flower experiment to assess the effects of fungicides and microbes on honey bee foraging. Finally, a field trial was conducted to test the effects of fungicides and microbes on pollination. As bloom progressed, bacterial and fungal abundance and diversity increased across all floral tissue types and management strategies. The magnitude by which microbial abundance and diversity were affected varied, with proximity to apiaries and orchard management having notable effects on bacteria and fungi, respectively. Experiments revealed that fungicides reduced nectar removal by honey bees; however, neither fungicide nor microbe treatments affected pollination, as measured through pollen tube initiation and growth. Synthesis and applications: Our results reveal that microbiota associated with flowers of a pollinator-dependent crop are temporally dynamic and sensitive to management practices. However, pollination services in almonds may be resilient to both agrochemical disturbance and microbial augmentation of flowers, the latter of which may become more prominent as microbial solutions to disease management are embraced in agroecosystems.

opencc-zeroApr 2024View details →

Data from: The potential of undersown species identity vs. diversity to manage disease in crops

In the absence of chemical control with its negative side effects, fungal pathogens can cause large yield losses, requiring us to develop agroecosystems that are inherently disease resistant. Grassland biodiversity experiments often find plant species diversity to reduce pathogen pressure, but whether incorporating high biodiversity levels in agricultural fields have similar effects remains largely unknown. We tested if undersown plant species diversity could reduce barley disease, and whether the effect was mediated through above- or belowground mechanisms, by combining an agricultural field trial with a soil transplant experiment. As predicted, barley disease decreased in the presence of undersown plants. Undersown species richness had no effect, but their abundance led to early season disease reduction. Aboveground mechanisms underpinned this disease reduction. Barley yield slightly decreased with increasing undersown species richness, and undersown species varied in their impact on yield. We identified two undersown species, Trifolium repens and T. hybridum, that contributed most to disease reduction and had the potential to increase barley yield. Furthermore, our results indicate that aboveground mechanisms caused this. We show that agroecosystem functioning can be improved without trade-offs on yield by targeted selection of undersown species.

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Proactive management outperforms reactive actions for wildlife disease control

Finding effective pathogen mitigation strategies is one of the biggest challenges humans face today. In the context of wildlife, emerging infectious diseases have repeatedly caused widespread host morbidity and population declines of numerous taxa. In areas yet unaffected by a pathogen, a proactive management approach has the potential to minimize or prevent host mortality. However, we typically lack critical information on the disease dynamics in a novel host system, have limited empirical evidence on efficacy of management interventions, and lack validated predictive models. As such, quantitative support for identifying effective management interventions is largely absent, and the opportunity for proactive management is often missed. Here, we consider the potential invasion of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans, whose expected emergence in North America poses a severe threat to hundreds of salamander species in this global salamander biodiversity hotspot. We developed and parameterized a dynamic multi-state occupancy model to forecast host and pathogen occurrence, following expected emergence of the pathogen, and evaluated the response of salamander populations to different management scenarios. Our model forecasts that taking no action is expected to be catastrophic to salamander populations. We also show that proactive action is expected to maximize host occupancy outcomes compared to 'wait and see' reactive management, thus providing quantitative support for proactive management opportunities. Additionally, we found that Bsal eradication is unlikely under any evaluated management options. Contrary to our expectations, even early pathogen detection had little effect on Bsal or host occupancy outcomes. Our analysis provides quantitative support that proactive management is the optimal strategy for promoting persistence of disease-threatened salamander populations. Our approach fills a critical gap by defining a framework for evaluating management options prior to pathogen invasion and can thus serve as a template for addressing novel disease threats that jeopardize wildlife and human health.