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48 results for “distance dependence”
Data + Analyses: "Gaze-dependent Coding of Somatosensory Reach Targets after Effector Movement: Testing the Impact of Online Information, Movement Timing, and Target Distance"
<p>This upload contains the experiment scripts (written in Presentation), data, and analyses (performed with MATLAB and SPSS) underlying the publication<strong> </strong>by Mueller & Fiehler (2017). <em>PloS one</em>. doi:<strong>10.1371/journal.pone.0180782</strong></p>
Distance functions of carabids in crop fields depend on functional traits, crop type and adjacent habitat: a synthesis
<p>Natural pest and weed regulation are essential for agricultural production, but the spatial distribution of natural enemies within crop fields and its drivers are mostly unknown. Using 28 datasets comprising 1,204 study sites across eight Western and Central European countries, we performed a quantitative synthesis of carabid richness, activity densities and functional traits in relation to field edges (i.e. distance functions). We show for the first time that distance functions of carabids strongly depend on carabid functional traits, crop type and, to a lesser extent, adjacent non-crop habitats. Richness of both predators and granivores and activity densities of small and granivorous species decreased towards field interiors, whereas the densities of large species increased. We found strong distance decays in maize and vegetables whereas richness and densities remained more stable in cereals, oilseed crops and legumes. We conclude that carabid assemblages in agricultural landscapes are driven by the complex interplay of crop types, adjacent non-crop habitats and further landscape parameters with great potential for targeted agroecological management. In particular, our synthesis indicates that a higher edge-interior ratio can counter the distance decay of carabid richness per field and thus likely benefits natural pest and weed regulation, hence contributing to agricultural sustainability.</p>
Small mammals reduce distance-dependence and increase seed predation risk in tropical rainforest fragments
Seed predation and reduced predation risk with distance from conspecific trees are important influences on tree regeneration in tropical forests. Shifts in animal communities, such as an increase in rodents and other small mammals due to forest fragmentation, could alter patterns of seed predation and affect tree regeneration and community dynamics in forest fragments. We performed a field experiment on four native rainforest tree species in the Western Ghats, India, to test whether fragmentation increases seed predation by mammals and alters the distance-dependence of seed predation. We monitored seed predation within open and mammal-exclosure plots, near and far from the canopies of conspecific trees, in contiguous and fragmented forests. Seed predation of Cullenia exarillata, Ormosia travancorica, and Syzygium rubicundum was markedly higher in forest fragments, and more so within open plots than exclosures, while the predominantly insect-predated Acronychia pedunculata experienced similar predation in contiguous forests and fragments. Seed predation of C. exarillata and S. rubicundum was unrelated to distance from conspecific trees in open plots in both contiguous forests and fragments, in contrast to exclosures that showed marked near versus far differences in seed predation. Our findings suggest that by increasing overall seed predation risk and imposing similar seed predation risk near and far from adults variably across the tree species, small mammals could alter processes that shape tree diversity and species composition in fragmented tropical rainforests.
Common marmosets are sensitive to simple dependencies at variable distances in an artificial grammar
<p>Video data of each trial in a study with common marmoset monkeys.</p> <p>Its current title is "Common marmosets are sensitive to simple dependencies at variable distances in an artificial grammar".</p> <p>Abstract of the publication is as below.</p> <p>Recognizing that two elements within a sequence of variable length depend on each other is a key ability in understanding the structure of language and music. Perception of such interdependencies has previously been documented in chimpanzees in the visual domain and in human infants and common squirrel monkeys with auditory playback experiments, but it remains unclear whether it typifies primates in general. Here, we investigated the ability of common marmosets (<em>Callithrix jacchus</em>) to recognize and respond to such dependencies. We tested subjects in a familiarization-discrimination playback experiment using stimuli composed of pure tones that either conformed or did not conform to a grammatical rule. After familiarization to sequences with dependencies, marmosets spontaneously discriminated between sequences containing (‘consistent’) and lacking dependencies (‘inconsistent’), independent of stimulus length. Marmosets looked more often to the sound source when hearing sequences consistent with the familiarization stimuli, as previously found in human infants. Crucially, looks were coded automatically by computer software, avoiding risk of human bias. Our results support the hypothesis that the ability to perceive dependencies at variable distances was already present in the common ancestor of all anthropoid primates (<em>Simiiformes</em>).</p>
Distance functions of carabids in crop fields depend on functional traits, crop type and adjacent habitat: a synthesis
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Small mammals reduce distance-dependence and increase seed predation risk in tropical rainforest fragments
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Data from: Distance-dependent seedling mortality and long-term spacing dynamics in a neotropical forest community
Negative distance dependence (NDisD), or reduced recruitment near adult conspecifics, is thought to explain the astounding diversity of tropical forests. While many studies show greater mortality at near vs. far distances from adults, these studies do not seek to track changes in the peak seedling curve over time, thus limiting our ability to link NDisD to coexistence. Using census data collected over 12 years from central Panama in conjunction with spatial mark-connection functions, we show evidence for NDisD for many species, and find that the peak seedling curve shifts away from conspecific adults over time. We find wide variation in the strength of NDisD, which was correlated with seed size and canopy position, but other life-history traits showed no relationship with variation in NDisD mortality. Our results document shifts in peak seedling densities over time, thus providing evidence for the hypothesized spacing mechanism necessary for diversity maintenance in tropical forests.
Gaze-dependent Coding of Somatosensory Reach Targets after Effector Movement: Testing the Impact of Online Information, Movement Timing, and Target Distance
<p>The uploaded files contain data as SPSS data files (.sav) and tab delimited (.csv) textfiles as well as the respective variable desriptions as images (.png). In particular, I uploaded 1) the raw data, 2) the means of reach errors which we analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA, and 3) the means of ellipse sizes on which repeated-measures ANOVA of precision were based.</p> <p>After publication of the article, I also uploaded the reported analyses and corresponding datafiles (plus some more material) here: </p> <p>https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.821307</p>
Data from: Plant-soil microbe feedbacks depend on distance and ploidy in a mixed cytotype population of Larrea tridentata
<p><strong>Premise of the study</strong></p> <p>Theory predicts that mixed ploidy populations should be short-lived due to strong fitness disadvantages for the rare ploidy. However, mixed ploidy populations are common, suggesting that the fitness costs for rare ploidies are counterbalanced by ecological benefits that emerge when rare. We investigated whether differences in ecological interactions with soil microbes help to maintain a tetraploid-hexaploid population of <em>Larrea tridentata </em>(creosote bush) in the Sonoran Desert, California, USA, where prior work documented ploidy-specific root-associated microbes.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p>We used a plant-soil feedback (PSF) experiment to test whether host-specific soil microbes can alter the outcomes of intra-ploidy vs. inter-ploidy competition. Host-specific soil microbes can build up over time; thus, distance from a host plant can affect the fitness of nearby plants.</p> <p><strong>Key results</strong></p> <p>Seedlings grown in soils from near plants of a different ploidy produced greater biomass relative to seedlings grown in soils from near plants of the same ploidy. Moreover, seedlings grown in soils from near plants of a different ploidy produced greater biomass than those grown in soils from further away from plants of a different ploidy. This suggests the ecological consequences of PSF may facilitate the persistence of mixed ploidy populations.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong></p> <p>This is the first evidence, to our knowledge, consistent with plant-soil microbe feedback as a viable mechanism to maintain the coexistence of multiple ploidy levels in a single population.</p>
Distance-dependence seed set of Vasconcellea chilensis
<p><span>Plant reproductive failure is a critical concern for conserving rare and endangered species that typically have low-density and sparse populations. One important factor contributing to reproductive failure is the spatial arrangement of plants within a population, which can lead to isolation and negatively affect seed output, particularly in obligate outcrosses. Additionally, this effect can be compounded by plant size. Here, we investigate how plants' spatial distribution and size influence the reproductive success of <em>Vasconcellea chilensis</em>, a threatened papaya species from northern Chile. </span><span>Using flower exclusion experiments, we first examined whether <em>V. chilensis</em> can produce seeds via apomixis. We then used Spatial Point Pattern Analysis (SPPA) in three populations to examine the spatial arrangement of plants in three populations, and, finally, we assessed whether plant size and mate distance influence the reproductive success of this plant species. </span><span><em>V. chilensis</em> is a dioecious shrub unable to produce fruits through apomixis. The SPPA revealed significant clustering of female and male plants at different spatial scales, indicating a non-random distribution. Moreover, a significant attraction between the sexes suggested a preference for proximity. In two populations, closer proximity to male plants was linked to higher seed production. </span><span>Our study revealed that the absence of apomixis in <em>V. chilensis</em> makes it prone to experiencing distance-dependent reproductive failure. In particular, the seed set was compromised in female plants isolated from male neighbors. This link between isolation and seed production was especially significant in the driest site, and we discussed how environmental factors can exacerbate this effect.</span></p>
Age-dependent timing and routes demonstrate developmental plasticity in a long-distance migratory bird
<p>1. Longitudinal tracking studies have revealed consistent differences in the migration patterns of individuals from the same populations. The sources or processes causing this individual variation are largely unresolved. As a result, it is mostly unknown how much, how fast, and when animals can adjust their migrations to changing environments. 2. We studied the ontogeny of migration in a long-distance migratory shorebird, the black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa limosa), a species known to exhibit marked individuality in the migratory routines of adults. By observing how and when these individual differences arise, we aimed to elucidate whether individual differences in migratory behaviour are inherited or emerge as a result of developmental plasticity. 3. We simultaneously tracked juvenile and adult godwits from the same breeding area on their south- and northward migrations. To determine how and when individual differences begin to arise, we related juvenile migration routes, timing, and mortality rates to hatch date and year of birth. Then, we compared adult and juvenile migration patterns to identify potential age-dependent differences. 4. In juveniles, the timing of their first southward departure was related to hatch date. However, their subsequent migration routes, orientation, destination, migratory duration, and likelihood of mortality were unrelated to the year or timing of migration, or their sex. Juveniles left the Netherlands after all tracked adults. They then flew non-stop to West Africa more often and incurred higher mortality rates than adults. Some juveniles also took routes and visited stopover sites far outside the well-documented adult migratory corridor. Such juveniles, however, were not more likely to die. 5. We found that juveniles exhibited different migratory patterns than adults, but no evidence that these behaviours are under natural selection. We thus eliminate the possibility that the individual differences observed among adult godwits are present at birth or during their first migration. This adds to the mounting evidence that animals possess the developmental plasticity to change their migration later in life in response to environmental conditions as those conditions are experienced.</p>
Long-distance dependencies in birdsong syntax
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Songbird syntax is generally thought to be simple, lacking in particular long-distance dependencies in which one element affects choice of another occurring considerably later in the sequence. Here we test for long-distance dependencies in the sequences of songs produced by song sparrows (<i>Melospiza melodia</i>). Song sparrows sing with eventual variety, repeating each song type in a consecutive series termed a "bout." We show that in switching between song types, song sparrows follow a "cycling rule," cycling through their repertoires in close to the minimum possible number of bouts. Song sparrows do not cycle in a set order but rather vary the order of song types from cycle to cycle. Cycling in a variable order strongly implies long-distance dependencies: choice of the next type must depend on the song types sung over the past cycle, in the range of 9-10 bouts. Song sparrows also follow a "bout length rule," whereby the number of repetitions of a song type in a bout is positively associated with the length of the interval until that type recurs. This rule requires even longer-distance dependencies that cross one another; such dependencies are characteristic of more complex levels of syntax than previously attributed to non-human animals.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Do natural enemies mediate conspecific negative distance- and density-dependence of trees? A meta-analysis of exclusion experiments
<p>Conspecific negative distance- and density-dependence is believed to be one of the most important mechanisms controlling forest community assembly and species diversity globally. Plant pathogens, and insect and mammalian herbivores, are the most common natural enemy types that have been implicated in this phenomenon, but their general effects at different plant life stages are still unclear. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis of studies that involved robust manipulative experiments, using fungicides, insecticides, or exclosures, to assess the contributions of different natural enemy types to distance- and density-dependent effects at seed and seedling stages. We found that conspecific negative distance- and density-dependence was more common at the seedling stage. Only 30% of studies showed significant conspecific negative distance- and density-dependence. Among those studies, applying fungicides significantly reduced the effect of conspecific negative distance -dependent mortality. Excluding large mammals reduced the effect of conspecifics, but with only marginal significance (p < 0.1). Our study confirms that plant pathogens have a significant impact on distance -dependent mortality and suggests that the impacts of herbivores on seedlings have been understudied. At the seed stage, large and small mammals, respectively, appear to weaken and enhance negative conspecific distance-dependent mortality. Future research should identify specific agents of mortality, investigate the interactions among different enemy types, and assess how global change may affect natural enemies and thus influence the strength of conspecific distance- and density-dependence.</p>
Data for: Distance and density dependence in two native Bornean dipterocarp species
<p>The Janzen-Connell hypothesis proposes that density and distance-dependent mortality generated by specialist natural enemies prevent competitive dominance. Much literature on Janzen Connell mechanisms comes from the neotropics, and evidence of the role of distance and density-dependence is still relatively sparse. We tested the predictions of the J-C hypothesis in a South-East Asian system dominated by mast fruiting species. We hypothesized that seedling survival would decrease with distance and density, seedling growth would increase, and herbivory would decrease, according to the predictions of the Janzen-Connell hypothesis. Experiments were conducted to determine the strength of the Janzen Connell mechanism by manipulating the density and identity of tree species as a function of the distance from parent trees. Survival of conspecific seedlings was reduced near adult trees of one species, but not another. High densities of seedlings decreased the growth of conspecific seedlings of both species. In both species, herbivory rates decreased with distance in low-density areas. This study indicates that dipterocarp species experienced weak Janzen-Connell effects of distance and density dependence at the growth stage studied. Future studies in this system might focus on earlier life-history stages such as seeds and small seedlings, as well as studying mortality during mast-seeding events.</p>
Age-dependent timing and routes demonstrate developmental plasticity in a long-distance migratory bird
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Data from: Distance-dependent seedling mortality and long-term spacing dynamics in a neotropical forest community
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What drives study-dependent differences in distance-decay relationships of microbial communities?
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Data for: Distance and density dependence in two native Bornean dipterocarp species
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Data from: Plant-soil microbe feedbacks depend on distance and ploidy in a mixed cytotype population of Larrea tridentata
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Long-distance dependencies in birdsong syntax
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