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29 results for “diversity maintenance”
Plant interaction networks reveal the limits of our understanding of diversity maintenance
<p>Species interactions are key drivers of biodiversity and ecosystem stability. Current theoretical frameworks for understanding the role of interactions make many assumptions which, unfortunately, do not always hold in natural, diverse communities. This mismatch extends to annual plants, a common model system for studying coexistence, where interactions are typically averaged across environmental conditions and transitive competitive hierarchies are assumed to dominate. We quantify interaction networks for a community of annual wildflowers in Western Australia across a natural shade gradient at local scales. Whilst competition dominated, intraspecific and interspecific facilitation were widespread in all shade categories. Interaction strengths and directions varied substantially despite close spatial proximity and similar levels of local species richness, with most species interacting in different ways under different environmental conditions. Contrary to expectations, all networks were predominantly intransitive. These findings encourage us to rethink how we conceive of and categorise the mechanisms driving biodiversity in plant systems.</p>
Fig. 3 in The roles of marginal lagoons in the maintenance of genetic diversity in the Brazilian migratory fishes Prochilodus argenteus and P. costatus
Fig. 3. Dendrogram representing the chord genetic distance among sampling groups of Prochilodus costatus. ABAr = rio Abaeté at rainy season; PAR = rio Paracatu lagoons; SFR = rio São Francisco lagoons; TMDd = Três Marias Dam at dry season; TMDr = Três Marias Dam at rainy season.
Fig. 2 in The roles of marginal lagoons in the maintenance of genetic diversity in the Brazilian migratory fishes Prochilodus argenteus and P. costatus
Fig. 2. Dendrogram representing the chord genetic distance among sampling groups of Prochilodus argenteus. ABAr = rio Abaeté at rainy season; CAR = rio Carinhanha lagoons; JEQ = rio Jequitaí lagoons; PAR = rio Paracatu lagoons; SFR = rio São Francisco lagoons; URU = rio Urucuia lagoons; VEL = rio das Velhas lagoons; TMDd = Três Marias Dam at dry season; TMDr = Três Marias Dam at rainy season.
Fig. 1 in The roles of marginal lagoons in the maintenance of genetic diversity in the Brazilian migratory fishes Prochilodus argenteus and P. costatus
Fig. 1. Map showing the central portion of the rio São Francisco basin and the distribution of the samples of Prochilodus argenteus (yellow) and of P. costatus (black). The circles represent marginal lagoons from tributaries, squares represent marginal lagoons from the rio São Francisco, and triangles represent places in the mainstream rio São Francisco in the Três Marias region. ABA = rio Abaeté; CAR = rio Carinhanha lagoons; JEQ = rio Jequitaí lagoons; PAR = rio Paracatu lagoons; SFR = rio São Francisco lagoons; URU = rio Urucuia lagoons; VEL = rio das Velhas lagoons; TMD = Três Marias Dam.
Plant interaction networks reveal the limits of our understanding of diversity maintenance
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Maintenance of genetic diversity despite population fluctuations in the lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus)
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Data from: Ecological trait divergence over evolutionary time underlies the origin and maintenance of tropical spider diversity
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Different photoperiodic responses in diapause induction can promote the maintenance of genetic diversity via the storage effect in Daphnia pulex
<p>Understanding mechanisms that promote the maintenance of biodiversity (genetic and species diversity) has been a central topic in evolution and ecology. Previous studies have revealed that dormancy can contribute to coexistence of competing genotypes or species in fluctuating environments via the storage effect. However, they tended to focus on differences in reproductive success (e.g., seed yield) and diapause termination (e.g., germination) timing. Here we tested whether different photoperiodic responses in diapause induction can promote coexistence of two parthenogenetic (asexual) genotypes of <em>Daphnia pulex </em>in Lake Fukami-ike, Japan. Through laboratory experiments, we confirmed that short day length and low food availability induced the production of diapausing eggs. Furthermore, we found that one genotype tended to produce diapausing eggs in broader environmental conditions than the other. Terminating parthenogenetic reproduction earlier decreases total clonal production, but the early-diapausing genotype becomes advantageous by assuring reproduction in "short" years where winter arrival is earlier than usual. Empirically parameterized theoretical analyses suggested that different photoperiodic responses can promote coexistence via the storage effect with fluctuations of the growing season length. Therefore, timing of diapause induction may be as important as diapause termination timing for promoting the maintenance of genetic diversity in fluctuating environments.</p>
Data from: The maintenance and emergence of diversity promotes open-ended evolution in a prebiotic context
<p>This data was collected during the study entitled “The maintenance and emergence of diversity promotes open-ended evolution in a prebiotic context."<br> <br>We explored how selective contexts shape the evolution of innovation, using <em>in vitro </em>selection with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) as an empirical model for pre-cellular evolution. During this selection regime, a diverse pool of 76-bp ssDNA (consisting of a random 40-nt region, flanked by 18-nt primer binding sites) was incubated with a target substrate, during which sequences were able to bind to the substrate. Following incubation, unbound sequences were discarded, while bound sequences were partitioned and amplified via PCR and used in subsequent rounds of selection. <br> <br>Our experimental design consisted of 8 cycles of selection with either streptavidin-coated magnetic beads or yeast cells (<em>Kluyveromyces lactis</em>) as the binding substrate. We also included two variable selection regimes, where four rounds of selection were completed with one substrate before switching to the other target for the remaining four rounds (3 replicate populations per treatment). All replicates from rounds 1, 4, 7, and 8 were purified and submitted for next-generation sequencing (Illumina NovaSeq S4 2x150-bp lane), along with the random starting library. Sequencing generated a mean of 29,741,261 pair-end reads per sample, which were assembled and normalized to ~100,000 reads per sample used for analysis, which are included here.<br> <br>The file names are organized in the following format: Selection Treatment_Round of Selection_Replicate #. For example, “Beads_R1_1” indicates a population that was selected with beads as the binding substrate following Round 1 of selection, replicate population 1 (out of 3 replicates). Scripts used to list contigs (<em>EditFastas.l</em>) and measure the frequencies of each sequence (<em>CountSeqs.l</em> ) are also included.</p>
Different photoperiodic responses in diapause induction can promote the maintenance of genetic diversity via the storage effect in Daphnia pulex
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Data from: Diverse reproductive barriers in hybridising crickets suggests extensive variation in the evolution and maintenance of isolation
Reproductive barriers reduce gene flow between populations and maintain species identities. A diversity of barriers exist, acting before, during and after mating. To understand speciation and coexistence, these barriers need to be quantified and their potential interactions revealed. We use the hybridising field crickets Gryllus bimaculatus and G. campestris as a model to understand the full compliment and relative strength of reproductive barriers. We find that males of both species prefer conspecific females, but the effect is probably too weak to represent a barrier. In contrast, prezygotic barriers caused by females being more attracted to conspecific male song and preferentially mounting and mating with conspecifics are strong and asymmetric. Postzygotic barriers vary in direction; reductions in fecundity and egg viability create selection against hybridisation, but hybrids live longer than pure-bred individuals. Hybrid females show a strong preference for G. bimaculatus songs, which together with a complete lack of hybridisation by G. campestris females, suggests that asymmetric gene flow is likely. For comparison, we review reproductive barriers that have been identified between other Gryllids and conclude that multiple barriers are common. Different species pairs are separated by qualitatively different combinations of barriers, suggesting that reproductive isolation and even the process of speciation itself may vary widely even within closely related groups.
Data from: Maintenance of genetic diversity in an introduced island population of Guanacos after seven decades and two severe demographic bottlenecks: implications for camelid conservation
Fifteen Guanacos were introduced to Staats Island in Falklands/Malvinas archipelago from Patagonia in the 1930s. After introduction, the Guanaco population increased to almost 400 animals that retained a footprint of the founding effect and bottleneck reflected in the genetic status of this isolated population. The goals of this study were to (i) make a genetic assessment of this island population through comparisons with mainland populations and simulation, and (ii) assess the likely source population of the introduced Guanacos. Genetic variation estimated from 513 bp of mitochondrial DNA sequence and 15 microsatellite loci were compared among 154 Guanacos collected from eight localities, including the adjacent mainland and the islands of Tierra del Fuego and Staats Island. Of the 23 haplotypes observed among our samples, the Staats Island population only contained three haplotypes, all of which were shared with the Monte Leon population in southern Patagonia. Mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite variation on Staats Island were comparable to most mainland populations and greater than those observed on Tierra del Fuego. Patterns of genetic structure suggest that the Staats Island Guanaco population was founded with animals from southern Patagonia (as opposed to northern Patagonia or Tierra del Fuego), but that effective reductions in population size lasted only a few generations and that surviving animals were a random sample of the pre-bottleneck genetic variation.
Data from: The role of frugivory in plant diversity maintenance- a simulation approach
Frugivores may play a key role in plant species coexistence by equalizing the species' representation in the seed rain. Rare species may benefit from enhanced dispersal if frugivores prefer locally scarce fruits, or if rare plants are found in neighborhoods of high fruit density. Using a simulation model of frugivorous birds foraging on landscapes we tested if increased diversity in the seed rain could emerge from rare-biased fruit selection, from the spatial configuration of plants, or both. In the absence of rare-biased fruit selection, frugivores were not able to increase the diversity of the seed rain in any of our simulated landscapes. In contrast, when frugivores were attracted to locally scarce fruits, we found increased diversity in the seed rain whenever frugivore mobility across the landscape was high and plant species were well-mixed in the fruiting neighborhoods. Irrespectively of the behavioral mechanism involved, landscape fragmentation lead to losses in diversity and species richness of simulated communities. In all simulations, density-dependent mortality of dispersed seeds increased diversity in the community of seedlings. However, landscape homogenization at the scale of frugivores movements decreased the magnitude of this diversification effect. In summary, our study shows that frugivory has the potential to increase diversity in the seed rain when frugivores display rare-biased fruit choices, provided that rare and common plants form heterogeneous neighborhoods. They also show that fragmentation is a major threat for diversity maintenance in the early-regenerating community. Finally, they show that rarity confers advantages during regeneration only if it occurs at the scale of frugivores' foraging decisions.
Data from: Exploring the role of Micronesian islands in the maintenance of coral genetic diversity in the Pacific Ocean
Understanding how genetic diversity is maintained across patchy marine environments remains a fundamental problem in marine biology. The Coral Triangle, located in the Indo-West Pacific, is the center of marine biodiversity and has been proposed as an important source of genetic diversity for remote Pacific reefs. Several studies highlight Micronesia, a scattering of hundreds of small islands situated within the North Equatorial Counter Current, as a potentially important migration corridor. To test this hypothesis, we characterized the population genetic structure of two ecologically important congeneric species of reef-building corals across greater Micronesia, from Palau to the Marshall Islands. Genetic divergences between islands followed an isolation-by-distance pattern, with Acropora hyacinthus exhibiting greater genetic divergences than A. digitifera, suggesting different migration capabilities or different effective population sizes for these closely related species. We inferred dispersal distance using a biophysical larval transport model, which helped explain an additional 15-21% of genetic variation compared to between-island geographic distance alone. For both species, genetic divergence accumulates and genetic diversity diminishes with distance from the Coral Triangle, supporting the hypothesis that Micronesian islands act as important stepping-stones connecting the central Pacific with the species rich Coral Triangle. However, for A. hyacinthus, the species with lower genetic connectivity, immigration from the sub-equatorial Pacific begins to play a larger role in shaping diversity than input from the Coral Triangle. This work highlights the enormous dispersal potential of broadcast-spawning corals and identifies the biological and physical drivers that influence coral genetic diversity on a regional scale.
Data from: Maintenance of genetic diversity in an introduced island population of Guanacos after seven decades and two severe demographic bottlenecks: implications for camelid conservation
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Data from: Exploring the role of Micronesian islands in the maintenance of coral genetic diversity in the Pacific Ocean
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Data from: Tradeoffs, spatial heterogeneity, and the maintenance of microbial diversity
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Data from: The role of frugivory in plant diversity maintenance- a simulation approach
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Data from: Diverse reproductive barriers in hybridising crickets suggests extensive variation in the evolution and maintenance of isolation
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Effects of Salicaceae species litter type and moisture at 10 paired wetland by upland plots:Specialization, maintenance of diversity and ecosystem consequences of growth defense trade-offs in a model system: the hyper-diverse willow communities of Cedar Creek
Cedar Creek includes a diversity of habitats, which support an astonishing number of species (15) from a single evolutionary lineage: the willow family (Salicaceae). The physiological tolerances and abiotic mechanisms that maintain natural diversity in this hyper-diverse system are beginning to be understood; the role of biotic interactions, however, remains a major gap in understanding. We hypothesize that insect herbivory plays a critical role in niche partitioning, providing an important explanation for high willow diversity. Using a replicated series of common gardens and insect herbivore manipulations in resource rich and resource poor habitats, we are testing for evolved trade-offs between defense investment and growth rate. We expect specialized plant syndromes to emerge along the continuum from ???herbivore escape??? via fast growth in high resource environments to ???anti-herbivore protection??? via heavy investment in defense in low resource environments. Evolved growth/defense strategies that promote diversity are also likely to have ecosystem consequences due to foliar chemical influences on decomposition and the composition and diversity of the insect communities they support. The proposed research takes advantage of natural diversity, providing an important model system at Cedar Creek.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.