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43 results for “diversity measures”
Predicting aboveground and belowground processes in diverse forest ecosystems using remote sensing and in-situ measurements
The Forest and Biodiversity (FAB2) experiment uses native tree species in varying levels of species richness, phylogenetic diversity, and functional diversity planted in 100 m2 and 400 m2 plots at 1 m spacing, appropriate for testing long-term ecosystem consequences. FAB2 was designed and established in conjunction with a prior experiment (FAB1) in which the same set of twelve species was planted in 16 m2 plots at 0.5 m spacing. This data package examines the connections between aboveground and belowground processes in FAB2. This data package includes information on tree diversity and community composition, forest structure, forest understories, soil microbes, net nitrogen mineralization, and canopy nitrogen. A wide variety of data types are included, such as data from hyperspectral and LiDAR remote sensing, percent cover analysis, soil microbial analyses, and soil assays including C:N, pH, and net nitrogen mineralization. This data package is included in the submission of the manuscript entitled “Predicting aboveground and belowground processes in diverse forest ecosystems using remote sensing and in-situ measurements.”
Fig. 2 in A New Measure Of Conservation Value Combining Rarity And Ecological Diversity: A Case Study With Light Trap Collected Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera)
Fig. 2. The Rarity and Ecological Diversity (RED)-index of the different aquatic habitats (aquatic habitats with the same letter are not significantly different at p = 0.05 by non-parametric Tukey-test)
Fig. 1 in A New Measure Of Conservation Value Combining Rarity And Ecological Diversity: A Case Study With Light Trap Collected Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera)
Fig. 1. The map of Hungary with the position of the sampling sites (filled squares show light traps)
Fig. 3 in A New Measure Of Conservation Value Combining Rarity And Ecological Diversity: A Case Study With Light Trap Collected Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera)
Fig. 3. The diversity (A) and RAR-index (B) of the different aquatic habitats (aquatic habitats with the same letter are not significantly different at p = 0.05 by non-parametric Tukey-test)
Dataset of TMLR 2024 Paper "Perceptual Similarity for Measuring Decision-Making Style and Policy Diversity in Games"
<p>This is a part of dataset of the paper published in TMLR 2024 (Transactions on Machine Learning Research, <a href="https://jmlr.org/tmlr/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://jmlr.org/tmlr/</a>).</p> <p>The example program for using this file will be put on the author's github repo branch: <a href="https://github.com/DSobscure/cgi_drl_platform/tree/game_balance_measures_tmlr" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/DSobscure/cgi_drl_platform/tree/playstyle_similarity_tmlr</a></p> <p> </p>
Code and data from: Measuring the overall functional diversity by aggregating its multiple facets: functional richness, biomass evenness, trait evenness, and dispersion
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Photoprotective leaf pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements during a greenhouse drought experiment: An evolutionary perspective on functional diversity in co-occuring willow(salix) species
Thirteen willow (Salix) species occur in southeastern Minnesota and often co-occur within the same wetlands. This high local diversity is challenging to explain since closely related species are often functionally similar and density-dependent interactions such as competition and susceptibility to pests and pathogens should limit their co-occurrence. However, if willow species are partitioning resources, or if they are phylogenetically structured so that closely related species rarely co-occur, then the impact of these density-dependent processes could be reduced. In this study, I examined the role of niche partitioning in maintaining local willow diversity by comparing species physiology in a greenhouse.
Local plant diversity and soybean biological control 2011 Harvest Measures:Biodiversity II: Effects of Plant Biodiversity on Population and Ecosystem Processes
Biodiversity II (E120) is designed to determine how the number of plant species affects the dynamics of ecological processes at the population, community, and ecosystem levels. By experimentally manipulating the number of species and the kinds of species, the amount of plant growth and the change from year to year, that result can be examined. Plots are large (9m x 9m actively maintained) and well-replicated, allowing responses of plant pathogens, insect herbivores, seed predators, soil parameters, invasive plant species and other variables to also be studied. Plots were seeded in May 1994 to have 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 species, with roughly 30 replicates of each diversity level. The species composition of each plot was chosen by random draw from a pool of 18 grassland perennials that included four warm-season (C4) grasses, four cool-season (C3) grasses, four legumes, four non-legume forbs, and two woody species. All species occur in monoculture allowing comparison of responses of each species in monoculture to combinations of these same species. The experiment was established in 1994 by the lead investigators David Tilman, Peter Reich, Johannes Knops, and David Wedin. Experiment 120 is similar to Experiment 123, but it uses larger plots to provide a large capacity for long-term subexperiments.
Data from: Weighting effective number of species measures by abundance weakens detection of diversity responses
1. The effective number of species (ENS) has been proposed as a robust measure of species diversity that overcomes several shortcomings of both diversity indices and species richness measures. However, it is not yet clear if ENS improves interpretation and comparison of biodiversity monitoring data, and ultimately resource management decisions. 2. We used simulations of five stream macroinvertebrate assemblages and spatially extensive field data of stream fishes and mussels to show (1) how different ENS formulations respond to stress and (2) how diversity-environment relationships change with values of q, which weight ENS measures by species abundances. 3. Values of ENS derived from whole simulated assemblages with all species weighted equally (true species richness) steadily decreased as stress increased, and ENS-stress relationships became weaker and more different among assemblages with increased weighting. 4. The amount of variation in ENS across the fish and mussel assemblages that was associated with environmental gradients decreased with increasing q. 5. Synthesis and applications: ENS does not improve interpretability of how diversity responds to stress or natural environmental gradients, and incorporating relative abundance into species diversity measures as implemented in ENS can actually weaken detection of diversity responses. Ecologists need to be cautious about use and interpretation of diversity measures whose values are jointly influenced by richness and evenness, including ENS, and instead separately assess species richness, species evenness, and compositional change in ecological communities.
High sexual display trait diversity without measured genetic divergence in a montane hybrid zone involving young species (Habronattus americanus subgroup, Araneae, Salticidae)
<p>Genetic introgression, allele exchange across species boundaries, is a commonly recognized feature of animal evolution. Under such a paradigm contemporary contact zones provide first-hand and complementary insight into the geographic, phenotypic, and genetic details of introgression. Also, when mate choice phenotypes are conspicuous and variable in hybrids, contact zones provide potential insight into how sexual selection interacts with species boundary maintenance, particularly when postzygotic reproductive isolation is weak. The <em>Habronattus</em> <em>americanus</em> subgroup includes several recently evolved jumping spider species, with an estimated age of about 200,000 years, and substantial evidence for hybridization and introgression. We explored a contact zone involving <em>H. americanus</em> (Keyserling, 1885) and <em>H. kubai</em> (Griswold, 1979) on Mount Shasta, California, in alpine habitats that would have been unavailable (under ice) at the Last Glacial Maximum. We characterized morphological diversity within the contact zone, including the fine-scale geographic distribution of hybrid and parental individuals, and assessed genetic variation using ddRADseq data. Combined results indicate a lack of measured genomic differentiation between specimens with distinct morphologies, including individuals with phenotypes of the parental species. We identified a diverse array of hybrid morphologies, with phenotypic evidence for backcrossing, essentially forming a phenotypic bridge between parental taxa. The study area is characterized by more hybrid than parental individuals, with a significantly larger number of red-palped morphologies than white and/or yellow-palped morphologies; the novel, white-palped phenotype is perhaps transgressive. Overall, these results contribute to a better understanding of the expected ebb and flow of lineage interactions during the early stages of speciation.</p>
Fig. 4 in A New Measure Of Conservation Value Combining Rarity And Ecological Diversity: A Case Study With Light Trap Collected Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera)
Fig. 4. The relationship between diversity (D) and rarity (RAR-index) of the samples
Beyond species richness and community composition: Using plant functional diversity to measure restoration success in jarrah forest
<p>Aim: The importance of restoring ecosystem functions to native systems that have been degraded, damaged or destroyed is increasingly recognised. Yet few studies have measured the effect of restoration efforts on ecosystem functioning or the functional diversity (FD) that underpins it. Here we assessed change in FD of restored assemblages one to 25 years after the onset of post-mine restoration.</p> <p>Location: Northern Jarrah (<i>Eucalyptus marginata</i> Donn ex Sm.) Forest bioregion of south-western Australia.</p> <p>Methods: Functional richness, evenness, divergence and dispersion were derived from five plant functional traits relevant to community reassembly. Effects of three explanatory variables (i.e., age, year restoration was initiated, and time since fire) on six response variables (i.e., four FD indices, species richness, and compositional similarity to nearby reference forest) were analysed using linear mixed models for a dataset with repeated measures of plots through time (n= 810 plots), and linear models for a sub-set of one-time measures of different aged assemblages (i.e., space-for-time approach; n= 490 plots).</p> <p>Results: Functional evenness and functional dispersion increased with age, while functional divergence and functional richness decreased with age. Functional dispersion increased with time since fire, while functional richness decreased with time since fire. Species richness decreased with age, but at 25-years, species richness was comparable to that observed in reference forest. In contrast, similarity showed no relationship with age of restored forest, and at 25-years, similarity of restored forest to reference was low compared with similarity of reference forest to itself. Three of four FD indices had not reached those of reference jarrah forest 25-years after restoration had been initiated.</p> <p>Conclusions: Reassembly of FD suggests importance of environmental filtering and high functional redundancy. A longer time frame may be needed to assess FD of restored assemblages, and in the meantime, species richness is not an adequate surrogate of FD.</p>
UAV-Based Height Measurement and Height-Diameter Model integrating Taxonomic Effects: Exploring Vertical Structure of Aboveground Biomass and Species Diversity in a Malaysian Tropical Forest
<p>These Excel files are the dataset used for the analysis in the submitted paper</p> <p>Dataset S1: Data for 6-ha pot in Pasoh Forest Researve</p> <p>Dataset S2: Data for height–diameter (HD) models</p>
Prescribed fire is an effective restoration measure for increasing boreal fungal diversity
<p>Intensive forestry practices have had a negative impact on boreal forest biodiversity, subsequently, the need for restoration is pressing. Polypores (wood-inhabiting fungi) are key decomposers of dead-wood, but due to the lack of coarse woody debris (CWD) in forest ecosystems, many species are threatened. Here, we study the long-term effects on polypore diversity of two restoration treatments; creating CWD by felling whole trees and prescribed burning. This large-scale experiment is located in spruce-dominated boreal forests in southern Finland. The experiment has a factorial design (n=3) including three levels of created CWD (5, 30 and 60 m<sup>3</sup> ha<sup>-1</sup>) crossed with burning or no burning. In 2018, 16 years after the initiation, we inventoried polypores on ten experimentally cut logs and ten naturally fallen logs per stand. We found that overall polypore community composition differed between burned and unburned stands. However, only red-listed species' abundances and richness were positively affected by prescribed burning. We found no effects of CWD levels created mechanically by felling of trees. We show, for the first time, that prescribed burning is an effective measure for restoring polypore diversity in late-successional Norway spruce forest. Burning creates CWD with certain characteristics that differ from what is created by CWD-restoration by felling trees. Prescribed burning promotes primarily red-listed species, demonstrating its effectiveness as a restoration measure to promote diversity of threatened polypore species in boreal forest. However, as the CWD that the burning creates will decrease over time, to be functional, prescribed burns need to be applied regularly at the landscape scale. Large-scale and long-term experimental studies, such as this one, are invaluable for establishing evidence-based restoration strategies.</p>
Data From: Effects of measurement methods and growing conditions on phenotypic expression of photosynthesis in seven diverse rice genotypes
<p class="p1"><strong>Introduction: </strong>Light response curves are widely used to quantify phenotypic expression of photosynthesis by measuring a single sample and sequentially altering light intensity within a chamber (sequential method) or by measuring different samples that are each acclimated to a different light level (nonsequential method). Both methods are often conducted in controlled environments to achieve steady-state results, and neither method involves equilibrating the entire plant to the speci<span class="s1">fi</span>c light level.</p> <p class="p1"><strong>Methods: </strong>Here, we compare sequential and non-sequential methods in controlled (greenhouse), semi-controlled (plant grown in growth chamber and acclimated to <span class="s1">fi</span>eld conditions 2-3 days before measurements), and <span class="s1">fi</span>eld environments. We selected seven diverse rice genotypes (<span class="s1">fi</span>ve genotypes from the USDA rice minicore collection: 310588, 310723, 311644, 311677, 311795; and 2 additional genotypes: Nagina 22 and Zhe 733) to understand (1) the limitations of different methods, and (2) phenotypic plasticity of photosynthesis in rice grown under different environments.</p> <p class="p1"><strong>Results:</strong> Our results show that the non-sequential method was time-ef<span class="s1">fi</span>cient and captured more variability of <span class="s1">fi</span>eld conditions than the sequential method, but the model parameters were generally similar between the two methods except for the maximum photosynthesis rate (A<sub>max</sub>). A<span class="s2"><sub>max</sub> </span>was signi<span class="s1">fi</span>cantly lower across all genotypes under greenhouse conditions compared to the growth chamber and <span class="s1">fi</span>eld conditions consistent with prior work, but surprisingly the apparent quantum yield (α) and the mitochondrial respiration (R<sub><span class="s2">d</span></sub>) were generally not different among growing environments or measurement methods.</p> <p class="p1"><strong>Discussion: </strong>Our results suggest that <span class="s1">fi</span>eld conditions are best suited to quantify phenotypic differences across different genotypes, and the nonsequential method was better at capturing the variability in photosynthesis.</p>
Beyond species richness and community composition: Using plant functional diversity to measure restoration success in jarrah forest
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Data From: Effects of measurement methods and growing conditions on phenotypic expression of photosynthesis in seven diverse rice genotypes
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Data from: Weighting effective number of species measures by abundance weakens detection of diversity responses
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Data from: The importance of standardization for biodiversity comparisons: a case study using Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS) and metabarcoding to measure cryptic diversity on Mo'orea coral reefs, French Polynesia
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Prescribed fire is an effective restoration measure for increasing boreal fungal diversity
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.