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32 results for “diversity partitioning”
Data from: Carbonate shelf development and early Paleozoic benthic diversity in Baltica: A hierarchical diversity partitioning approach using brachiopod data
<p class="Text">The Ordovician–Silurian (~485–419 Ma) was a time of considerable evolutionary upheaval, encompassing both the largest evolutionary diversification and one of the first major mass extinctions. The Ordovician diversification coincided with global climatic cooling and paleocontinental collision, the ecological impacts of which were mediated by region-specific processes including substrate changes, biotic invasions, and tectonic movements. From the Sandbian–Katian (~453 Ma) onward, an extensive carbonate shelf developed in the eastern Baltic paleobasin in response to a tectonic shift to tropical latitudes and an increase in the abundance of calcareous macroorganisms. We quantify the contributions of environmental differentiation and temporal turnover to regional diversity through the Ordovician and Silurian, using brachiopod occurrences from the more shallow-water facies belts of the eastern Baltic paleobasin, an epicontinental sea on the Baltica paleocontinent. The results are consistent with carbonate shelf development as a driver of Ordovician regional diversification, both by enhancing broadscale differentiation between shallow- and deep-marine environments and by generating heterogeneous carbonate environments that allowed increasing numbers of brachiopod genera to coexist. However, temporal turnover also contributed significantly to apparent regional diversity, particularly in the Middle–Late Ordovician.</p>
Partitioning beta diversity to untangle mechanisms underlying the assembly of bird communities in Mediterranean olive groves
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><i>Aim</i>: We investigated taxonomic and functional beta diversity of bird communities inhabiting Mediterranean olive groves subject to either intensive or extensive management of the ground cover and located in landscapes with different degrees of complexity.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><i>Location</i>: Andalusia, southern Spain.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><i>Methods</i>: We partitioned taxonomic and functional beta diversity into its two additive components, turnover and nestedness. We also explored the contributions of single sites to overall beta diversity (LCBD) and separated the effects of species replacement (turnover) and richness difference (nestedness) in order to identify ecologically unique sites -keystone communities- within the metacommunity. In a further step, we employed abundance- and functional-based indicator species analyses to characterize bird assemblages. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><i>Results</i>: Taxonomic beta diversity increased with landscape complexity. Although both taxonomic and functional differences among assemblages were driven mainly by species replacement (regardless of management or landscape type), the contribution of trait replacement to the total functional beta diversity was much lower, suggesting that species performing similar functions replace each other between sites. There were no differences in LCBD between management types or categories of landscape complexity, but the contributions of sites to beta diversity decreased as the percentage cover of olive groves increased. Species richness was also important in explaining variation in LCBD as species-poor sites tended to contribute the most to the local-to-regional beta diversity. However, some farms displayed high values of LCBD due to the existence of a high replacement component, indicating that some species recorded in these sites were scarce elsewhere. The indicator species analyses revealed that the woodchat shrike <i>Lanius senator</i> may constitute an excellent indicator of biodiversity in this agro-forestry-system. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><i>Main conclusions</i>: Our results show that agricultural expansion promotes biotic homogenization and exemplify how the identification of both keystone species and communities can represent a powerful tool for the management of anthropized landscapes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Interspecific soil water partitioning as a driver of increased productivity in a diverse mixed Mediterranean forest
<p><strong>Interspecific soil water partitioning as a driver of increased productivity in a diverse mixed Mediterranean forest</strong></p> <p>Ido Rog<sup>1</sup>, Christina Tague<sup>2</sup>, Gilad Jakoby<sup>1</sup>, Shacham Megidish<sup>1</sup>, Assaf Yaakobi<sup>1</sup>, Yael Wagner<sup>1</sup>, Tamir Klein<sup>1</sup></p> <ol> <li>Plant & Environmental Sciences department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel</li> <li>Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California Santa Barbara, California, USA</li> </ol> <p> </p> <p>Empiric data from Yishi forest (31º 43´N 34º 57´E, 320 m elevation) and RHESSys simulation. </p>
Data from: Carbonate shelf development and early Paleozoic benthic diversity in Baltica: A hierarchical diversity partitioning approach using brachiopod data
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Data from: Drought effects in Mediterranean forests are not alleviated by diversity-driven water source partitioning
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Partitioning beta diversity to untangle mechanisms underlying the assembly of bird communities in Mediterranean olive groves
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Generalised bumblebee-flower interactions demonstrate weak floral niche partitioning despite a high bee diversity
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Data from: Partitioning multiple facets of beta diversity in a tropical stream macroalgal metacommunity
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Data from: Taxonomic divergence and functional convergence in Iberian spider forest communities: insights from beta diversity partitioning
Aim The main aims were to determine: i) the relative contribution of species replacement and richness difference components to overall taxonomic (TDβ) and functional (FDβ) beta diversity of spider communities; ii) the degree to which TDβ and FDβ components can be explained by the environmental or geographic predictors; iii) whether FDβ components were lower than expected given the underlying TDβ variation. Location This study was carried out in 22 oak forest sites across the Iberian Peninsula. The area comprises two biogeographic regions, Eurosiberian (North) and Mediterranean (Centre and South). Methods Spiders were sampled using a standardized protocol. A species x traits matrix was constructed. Total taxonomic (TDβtotal) and total functional (FDβtotal) beta diversity were calculated, by pairwise comparisons, and partitioned into their replacement (βrepl) and richness difference (βrich) components. Mantel tests were used to relate taxonomic and functional dissimilarity with environmental and geographic distances. A spatial eigenfunction model was constructed and the variation of TDβ and FDβ explained by environment and geographic predictors was quantified. Null models were used to test if FDβ was higher or lower than expected given TDβ. Results βrepl was the dominant component contributing to 84.2% and 72.8% for TDβtotal and FDβtotal, respectively. TDβtotal and FDβtotal (and their replacement components) were higher between- than within-biogeographic regions. TDβtotal and TDβrepl were positively correlated with environmental and geographic distances, even when controlling for a biogeographic effect, but their functional counterparts were only correlated with environmental distance. Variation partitioning showed that pure environmental and spatially structured environmental effects had a small contribution to beta diversity, except for TDβrich. The observed slopes of the regressions of FDβtotal and FDβrepl in relation to environmental distance were slower than the null model expectations. Main conclusions Spider' assemblages variation was mainly determined by the replacement, and not the net loss, of species and traits. TDβ was influenced by niche filtering and dispersal limitation, whereas FDβ was mainly generated by niche filtering. A high level of functional convergence among spider communities, despite the high taxonomic divergence, revealed the signal of replacement of species performing similar functions across sites.
Title: Partitioning plant spectral diversity into alpha and beta components
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Plant spectral diversity — how plants differentially interact with solar radiation — is an integrator of plant chemical, structural, and taxonomic diversity that can be remotely sensed. We propose to measure spectral diversity as spectral variance, which allows the partitioning of the spectral diversity of a region, called spectral <i>gamma</i> (<i>γ</i>) diversity, into additive alpha (<i>α</i>; within communities) and beta (<i>β</i>; among communities) components. Our method calculates the contributions of individual bands or spectral features to spectral <i>γ</i>-, <i>β</i>-, and <i>α</i>-diversity, as well as the contributions of individual plant communities to spectral diversity. We present two case studies illustrating how our approach can identify "hotspots" of spectral <i>α</i>-diversity within a region, and discover spectrally unique areas that contribute strongly to <i>β</i>-diversity. Partitioning spectral diversity and mapping its spatial components has many applications for conservation since high local diversity and distinctiveness in composition are two key criteria used to determine the ecological value of ecosystems.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Partitioning the effects of regional, spatial and local variables on beta diversity of salt marsh arthropods in Chile
Aim: We examined the influence of regional, spatial and local variables (edaphic characteristics and vegetation structure) on patterns of arthropod variation along the Chilean coast by partitioning beta diversity into its turnover and nestedness components. Location: 2000 km along the coast of Chile Methods: We collected ground-dwelling arthropod samples from 9 marshes during two seasons. A clustering method was used to examine patterns of arthropod similarity across salt marshes. We also calculated multiple site beta diversity and partitioned it into its turnover and nestedness components. Variation partitioning was then used to identify the major drivers of their variation (regional, spatial and local variables). We compared results for the whole arthropod community and for the most abundant, speciose and functionally different groups, Crustacea, Coleoptera and Araneae. Results: Salt marsh arthropod similarities did not depend on the geographic proximity of sites. Arthropod beta diversity was mainly determined by its turnover component. A significant fraction of community variation was structured according to regional (i.e. climate differences) or local (i.e. soil salinity) differences among marshes depending on the studied group. However, the exclusive contribution of spatial variables had also a role. Main conclusions: Each salt marsh on the Chilean coast has the capacity to accommodate unique invertebrate taxa. Niche sorting along the climatic gradient together with dispersal-based processes seem the key structuring force of the arthropods and Crustacean variation in the marshes we studied, while niche sorting alone might be more important for Coleoptera variation.
Data from: Diversity partitioning confirms the importance of beta components in tropical rainforest Lepidoptera
Tropical beta diversity, and particularly that of herbivorous insects in rainforests, is often considered enormous, but this notion has recently been challenged. As tropical beta diversity is highly relevant to our view on biodiversity, it is important to gain more insights and resolve methodological problems that may lead to the contradictions in different studies. We used data on two ecologically distinct moth families from Southeast-Asia and analyzed separately the contribution of beta components to overall species richness at three spatial scales. Observed diversity partitions were compared under different types of null models. We found that alpha diversity was lower than expected from null models, whereas hierarchical beta components were larger than expected. Beta components played a significant role in shaping gamma diversity, and their contribution can be high (multiplicative beta >5). We found a reduction of beta components when comparing primary forests and agricultural sites (cf. "biotic homogenization"), but even in these habitats beta components were still substantial. Our analyses show that beta components do play an important role in our data on tropical herbivorous insects, and that these results are not due to lumping different habitats when sampling environmental gradients.
Data from: Increasing zooplankton size diversity enhances the strength of top-down control on phytoplankton through diet niche partitioning
1. The biodiversity-ecosystem functioning debate is a central topic in ecology. Recently, there has been a growing interest in size diversity because body size is sensitive to environmental changes and is one of the fundamental characteristics of organisms linking many ecosystem properties. However, how size diversity affects ecosystem functioning is an important yet unclear issue. 2. To fill the gap, with large-scale field data from the East China Sea, we tested the novel hypothesis that increasing zooplankton size diversity enhances top-down control on phytoplankton (H1) and compared it with five conventional hypotheses explaining the top-down control: flatter zooplankton size spectrum enhances the strength of top-down control (H2); nutrient enrichment lessens the strength of top-down control (H3); increasing zooplankton taxonomic diversity enhances the strength of top-down control (H4); increasing fish predation decreases the strength of top-down control of zooplankton on phytoplankton through trophic cascade (H5); increasing temperature intensifies the strength of top-down control (H6). 3. The results of univariate analyses support the hypotheses based on zooplankton size diversity (H1), zooplankton size spectrum (H2), nutrient (H3), and zooplankton taxonomic diversity (H4), but not the hypotheses based on fish predation (H5) and temperature (H6). More in depth analyses indicate that zooplankton size diversity is the most important factor in determining the strength of top-down control on phytoplankton in the East China Sea. 4. Our results suggest a new potential mechanism, that increasing predator size diversity enhances the strength of top-down control on prey through diet niche partitioning. This mechanism can be explained by the optimal predator-prey body-mass ratio concept. Suppose each size group of zooplankton predators has its own optimal phytoplankton prey size, increasing size diversity of zooplankton would promote diet niche partitioning of predators and thus elevates the strength of top-down control.
Data from: Partitioning the effects of plant diversity on ecosystem functions at different trophic levels
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning can be partitioned into complementarity effects, driven by many species, and selection effects, driven by few. Selection effects occur through interspecific abundance shifts (dominance) and intraspecific shifts in functioning. Complementarity and selection effects are often calculated for biomass, but very rarely for secondary productivity, i.e. energy transfer to higher trophic levels. We calculated diversity effects for three functions: aboveground biomass, insect herbivory and pathogen infection, the latter two as proxies for energy transfer to higher trophic levels, in a grassland experiment (PaNDiv) manipulating species richness, functional composition, nitrogen enrichment and fungicide treatment. Complementarity effects were on average positive and selection effects negative for biomass production and pathogen infection and multiple species contributed to diversity effects in mixtures. Diversity effects were on average less pronounced for herbivory. Diversity effects for the three functions were not correlated, because different species drove the different diversity effects. Benefits (and costs) from growing in diverse communities, be it reduced herbivore or pathogen damage or increased productivity either due to abundance increases or increased productivity per area were distributed across different plant species, leading to highly variable contributions of single species to diversity effects on different functions. These results show that different underlying ecological mechanisms can result in similar overall diversity effects across functions.</span></p>
Fig. 2 in Coupling impoverishment analysis and partitioning of beta diversity allows a comprehensive description of Odonata biogeography in the Western Mediterranean
Fig. 2 Observed versus predicted values of species' richness (LogR) based on multiple regression analysis for all species. See Fig. 1 for regional key; abbreviations in figures: A Balearics; B Corsica; C Sardinia; D Sicily; E Malta
Fig. 3 a –e in Coupling impoverishment analysis and partitioning of beta diversity allows a comprehensive description of Odonata biogeography in the Western Mediterranean
Fig. 3 a –e Scatterplots from dudi.mix principal component analysis (PCA) representing axes coordinates of species traits and species membership. V.L. and V.Q. represent high and low values of voltinism (V), respectively (see methods for other abbreviations). a Balearics, b Corsica, c Sardinia, d Sicily, e Malta
Data from: Partitioning the effect of composition and diversity of tree communities on leaf litter decomposition and soil respiration
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Data from: Partitioning genetic and species diversity refines our understanding of species-genetic diversity relationships
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Data from: Diversity partitioning confirms the importance of beta components in tropical rainforest Lepidoptera
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Data from: Extending the concept of diversity partitioning to characterize phenotypic complexity
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