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10 results for “diversity-productivity”
Soil fungal communities contribute to the positive diversity-productivity relationship of tree communities under contrasting water availability
<p><span>Plant diversity has often been linked to increased productivity; however, this apparent diversity-productivity relationship may rely on inter-trophic interactions such as those between plants and soil microbes. Soil fungi can create complementarity between plant species via altered plant resource partitioning, facilitation via fungal networks, or biotic feedbacks, thereby promoting plant diversity-productivity relationships. Furthermore, these relationships are likely to be context-dependent in response to resource availability. </span></p> <p><span>We used a biodiversity-ecosystem function experiment with trees exposed to high and low water availability treatments to determine the contribution of soil fungal communities to the diversity-productivity relationship in tree communities. We used amplicon sequencing of soil fungi to assess fungal richness, community composition, and richness of functional guilds. We then applied structural equation modelling to determine relationships between tree diversity, fungal communities, and tree productivity and the role of water availability in these relationships.</span></p> <p><span>Tree species richness and functional diversity both increased above-ground tree productivity and influenced soil fungal community composition. Fungal community composition had a direct impact on tree productivity and enhanced net diversity effects on productivity. Therefore, fungal communities mediated a positive, indirect effect of tree richness on productivity. While total fungal richness was not associated with tree diversity, pathogen richness decreased and mycorrhizal richness increased with tree richness. Pathogen and mycorrhizal richness had either no impact or a weak negative effect on productivity. Tree species traits strongly affected fungal communities and these changes promoted productivity. Finally, water availability greatly influenced fungal communities but did not interact with tree diversity to affect productivity; indicating possible resilience of tree communities to altered precipitation regimes and associated changes in fungal communities.</span></p> <p><span>Synthesis: Our study highlights the crucial role that fungal communities play in shaping the relationship between tree diversity, traits, and productivity, and resilience to altered water availability. </span></p>
Soil fungal communities contribute to the positive diversity-productivity relationship of tree communities under contrasting water availability
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Changes in the direction of the diversity-productivity relationship over fifteen years of stand development in a planted temperate forest
<p>Experiments manipulating diversity in both forests and grasslands have often observed a positive diversity-productivity relationship (DPR) which tends to strengthen during plant community development. This pattern is generally attributed to an increase in niche complementarity or facilitation. Most analyses do not examine species dominance and density, which also change over time. Moreover, how neighbourhood scale interactions among tree species affect the DPR is not well understood.</p> <p>We analysed growth and mortality data from the Simplex experiment, a part of the BIOTREE tree diversity experiment. Simplex consists of 36 plots each planted with four common and commercially important tree species to create a gradient of tree species evenness at two tree densities (6667 and 3556 trees ha<sup>-1</sup>). We test whether: i) the effect of evenness on total aboveground biomass productivity increase with stand development (year), ii) the effect of evenness on productivity is stronger in dense plots; iii) intra-specific competition from neighbours negatively affect the growth of dominant species more strongly compared to co-dominant species, and whether this negative effect is stronger in denser plots.</p> <p>The direction of DPR was initially negative because the fast-growing long-lived pioneer Douglas fir (<em>Pseudotsuga menziesii</em> (Mirb.) Franco) dominated. However, with time, shade tolerant Norway spruce (<em>Picea abies </em>(L.) Karst.) and European beech (<em>Fagus sylvatica </em>L.) increased in abundance (by biomass), and the relationship between evenness and biomass increment changed from negative to positive in high-density plots. Neighbourhood analyses revealed that for Douglas fir and Norway spruce, conspecifics reduced individual growth rates across density levels and years.</p> <p>Synthesis: We observed a shift in the diversity-productivity relationship over 15 years in our experiment. Over time, increasing intraspecific competition limited the increment of the abundant Douglas fir in uneven plots, and a persistent increase in the abundance (by biomass) of shade tolerant Norway spruce and European beech in even plots led to a higher community biomass increment, which led to a positive DPR. Emergence of a positive DPR in temperate forest plantations requires significant time and is importantly promoted by diversity at the neighbourhood scale (intimate mixtures) as well as higher density planting.</p>
Diversity-conditioned soil strengthens plant diversity-productivity relationship
<p><span>How biodiversity affects terrestrial productivity is important to the maintenance of ecosystem services under global change. </span><span>Although the crucial role of plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) in determining diversity-productivity relationship has been increasingly recognized in recent years, its legacy effects on subsequent diversity-productivity relationship are still unclear.</span> </p> <p><span>We conducted a classic PSF experiment to assess how plant diversity-conditioned soils influenced subsequent plant diversity-productivity relationships, where three plant diversity levels (1, 4, and 8 species) were planted in soils conditioned at three diversity levels (conditioned by 1, 4, and 8 species for 3 years). In addition, to test the role of soil microbial diversity in mediating the effects of soil conditioning diversity</span><span>,</span><span> the three plant diversity levels were planted with</span><span> low, moderate, and high soil biodiversity created by a soil inoculum dilution.</span></p> <p><span>The results showed that plant productivities were promoted by mixed-conditioned soils (4 and 8 species) compared to mono-conditioned soils (1 species). Productivity was </span><span>positively related to </span><span>planted diversity</span><span> in mixed-conditioned soils, while</span><span> showing no relation to planted diversity in </span><span>mono-conditioned soils. Productivity was promoted by soil </span><span>biodiversity </span><span>when 4 and 8 species were mixed planted, while it did not change when 1 species was planted. </span></p> <p><span><em><strong>Synthesis and applications</strong></em>. </span><span>Our results highlight that</span> <span>PSF is crucial to strengthening the positive effects of biodiversity on productivity, implying that </span><span>diversifying cropping systems</span><span> should be encouraged in agroecosystem management to </span><span>benefit from</span><span> positive PSF effects.</span><span> The importance of soil legacy for optimizing plant productivity is particularly important for conditioning soils</span> <span>with an intermediate number of plant species</span><span>.</span></p>
Data: Diversity-production relationships of fish communities in freshwater stream ecosystems
<p>Ecological relationships between species richness and biomass production are increasingly thought to be pervasive across the globe. Yet diversity-production relationships have not been explored extensively for freshwater fish communities even though fisheries production provides key services to humans. Our aim was to evaluate the diversity-production relationship for fish communities inhabiting freshwater streams across the Appalachian Mountain range and examine how diversity-production relationships varied across streams possessing different thermal signatures. Our study area included 25 freshwater stream ecosystems spanning from Vermont to North Carolina in the United States. Twenty sites were located in Maryland south to Tennessee and North Carolina while five additional higher latitude sites were sampled in Massachusetts and Maine. We sampled 25 study streams from June to September 2012 and collected fish population information to calculate biomass, species richness, Shannon diversity index, and annual production for each fish community. Linear mixed models were used to analyze the relationship between diversity indices and total community production. We also compared diversity and production relationships across other taxa. Across all streams, community fish production, biomass and P/B ratios ranged 0.15-6.79 g m<sup>2 </sup>y<sup>1</sup>, 0.61-0.73 g m-2, and 0.21-1.07 y<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. Species richness had a significant positive effect (p = 0.012) on community fish production, while accounting for the thermal signature of the streams as a random effect and other habitat covariates. Shannon diversity index did not have a significant effect (p = 0.101) on community production. The diversity-production relationship observed for stream fish communities was similar to other studies but demonstrated one of the highest slopes. Our results demonstrate that effects of biodiversity resonate to influence the production of fishes; thus, management of fisheries is more closely coupled to biodiversity than previously thought.</p>
Data: Diversity-production relationships of fish communities in freshwater stream ecosystems
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Changes in the direction of the diversity-productivity relationship over fifteen years of stand development in a planted temperate forest
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Diversity-conditioned soil strengthens plant diversity-productivity relationship
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Data from: Tree genetics strongly affect forest productivity, but intraspecific diversity-productivity relationships do not
Numerous studies have demonstrated biodiversity–productivity relationships in plant communities, and analogous genetic diversity–productivity studies using genotype mixtures of single species may show similar patterns. Alternatively, competing individuals among genotypes within a species are less likely to exhibit resource-use complementarity, even when they exhibit large differences in their effects on ecosystem function. In this study, we test the impact of genotype diversity and genetic identity on ecosystem function using an ecosystem-scale common garden experiment. Distinct tree genotypes were collected across the entire natural range of the riparian tree Populus fremontii in the USA, and grown in 1–16 genotype combination forest stands. Due to the warm climate and irrigation of the planting location along the Colorado River (AZ, USA), mature forest physiognomy with trees up to 19 m tall was achieved in just five years. Several key patterns emerged: (i) genotype richness did not predict forest productivity, suggesting a lack of net biodiversity effects; (ii) we found differences among genotype monoculture stands comparable to differences in average productivity across all forest biomes on Earth; (iii) productivity was predicted based on genetic marker similarity in trees; (iv) genetic-based differences in leaf phenology (early leaf-on and late leaf-fall timing) were correlated with >80% of the variation in tree and forest productivity irrespective of home-site conditions. Large differences in productivity among genotypes can result in dramatic differences in forest productivity without resulting in diversity–productivity relationships that are present in species-scale biodiversity studies.
Data from: Tree genetics strongly affect forest productivity, but intraspecific diversity-productivity relationships do not
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