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26 results for “dominance hierarchy”
Fig. 1 in Dominance Hierarchy And Status Signalling In Captive Tree Sparrow (Passer Montanus) Flocks
Fig. 1. The relationship between badge size and dominance ranks in flock B (n= 9 birds, for statistics see Table 2). The most subordinate individual has rank 1
Fig. 3 in New Insights into the Male Morphotypes of the Amphidromous Shrimp (Weigmann, 1836) (Caridea: Palaemonidae) and a Discussion on Social Dominance Hierarchies.
Fig. 3. Macrobrachium olfersii (Wiegmann, 1836). Discrimination of juveniles and adult morphotypes (M1, M2, and M3) according to the most explanatory morphometric variables from the principal component analysis, propodus length (PrL), and major cheliped length (ChL).
Fig. 4 in New Insights into the Male Morphotypes of the Amphidromous Shrimp (Weigmann, 1836) (Caridea: Palaemonidae) and a Discussion on Social Dominance Hierarchies.
Fig. 4. Macrobrachium olfersii (Wiegmann, 1836). (A) Regression of the morphometric relationship of the propodus length (PrL) Vs. carapace length (CL) demonstrates the separation between juvenile and adult males. (B) A logistic curve shows the size at which 50% of males reach sexual maturity (CL50).
Fig. 2 in New Insights into the Male Morphotypes of the Amphidromous Shrimp (Weigmann, 1836) (Caridea: Palaemonidae) and a Discussion on Social Dominance Hierarchies.
Fig. 2. Macrobrachium olfersii (Wiegmann, 1836). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of morphometric variables. Values indicate the projection of components 1 and 2 (PC1 and PC2).
Fig. 1 in New Insights into the Male Morphotypes of the Amphidromous Shrimp (Weigmann, 1836) (Caridea: Palaemonidae) and a Discussion on Social Dominance Hierarchies.
Fig. 1. (A) Carapace of Macrobrachium olfersii (Wiegmann, 1836). Dimension of carapace length (CL) measurements. (B) Major cheliped of Macrobrachium olfersii. Exemplification of the dimensions used to measure the length and height of the articles of the larger cheliped. The same measurements were used for the smaller cheliped. (C) Propodus of the larger cheliped of Macrobrachium olfersii in the standard position used in the geometric morphometric analyses. Red and blue circles are the landmarks and semilandmarks, respectively. CL = Carapace length; IL = Ischium length; ML = Merus length; CaL = Carpus length; PrL = Propodus length; DL = Dactylus length; PrH = Propodus height.
Fig. 5 in New Insights into the Male Morphotypes of the Amphidromous Shrimp (Weigmann, 1836) (Caridea: Palaemonidae) and a Discussion on Social Dominance Hierarchies.
Fig. 5. Macrobrachium olfersii (Wiegmann, 1836). Specimens and chelipeds of the male morphotypes, (A and B) Juvenile, (C and D) Morphotype 1, (E and F) Morphotype 2, and (G and H) Morphotype 3. All scale bars correspond to 10 mm, except for the scale bar present in 6B, which corresponds to 5 mm.
Fig. 6 in New Insights into the Male Morphotypes of the Amphidromous Shrimp (Weigmann, 1836) (Caridea: Palaemonidae) and a Discussion on Social Dominance Hierarchies.
Fig. 6. Macrobrachium olfersii (Wiegmann, 1836). (A) Scatter plot of canonical variation analysis (CVA) performed with the coordinates of variation in the propodus shape of the male morphotypes. (B) Variation in the propodus shape of each male morphotype. M3 presents evident differences in the shape of the palm region and also in the fixed finger in relation to the other morphotypes.
Data from: Fighting over food unites the birds of North America in a continental dominance hierarchy
Members of different species often engage in aggressive contests over resources. This series of aggressive contests between species may result in an interspecific dominance hierarchy. Such hierarchies are of interest because they could be used to address a variety of research questions, for example, do similarly ranked species tend to avoid each other in time or space, and what will happen when such species come into contact as climates change? Here, we propose a method for creating a continental-scale hierarchy, and we make initial analyses based on this hierarchy. Leveraging the existing network of citizen scientists from Project FeederWatch, we collected the data with which to create a continent-spanning interspecific dominance hierarchy that included species that do not currently have overlapping geographic distributions. We quantified the extent of intransitivities (rock-paper-scissors relationships) in the hierarchy, as intransitivities can promote local species' coexistence. Overall, the hierarchy was nearly linear, and largely predicted by body mass, although there were clade-specific deviations from the average mass–dominance relationship. Warblers and orioles, for instance, were more dominant than expected based on their body mass, while buntings, grosbeaks, and doves were less dominant than expected. Intransitive relationships were rare. Few interactions were reported between close relatives and ecological competitors like Mountain and Black-capped Chickadees, as such species often have only marginally overlapping geographic distributions, restricting opportunity for observation. Yet, these species' ranks—emergent properties of the network—were often in agreement with targeted studies of dominance relationships between them.
Data from: Tropical arboreal ants form dominance hierarchies over nesting resources
Interspecific dominance hierarchies have been widely reported across animal systems. High-ranking species are expected to monopolize more resources than low-ranking species via resource monopolization. In some ant species, dominance hierarchies have been used to explain species coexistence and community structure. However, it remains unclear whether or in what contexts dominance hierarchies occur in tropical ant communities. This study seeks to examine whether arboreal twig-nesting ants competing for nesting resources in a Mexican coffee agricultural ecosystem are arranged in a linear dominance hierarchy. We described the dominance relationships among 10 species of ants and measured the uncertainty and steepness of the inferred dominance hierarchy. We also assessed the orderliness of the hierarchy by considering species interactions at the network level. Based on the randomized Elo-rating method, we found that the twig-nesting ant species Myrmelachista mexicana ranked highest in the ranking, while Pseudomyrmex ejectus was ranked as the lowest in the hierarchy. Our results show that the hierarchy was intermediate in its steepness, suggesting that the probability of higher ranked species winning contests against lower ranked species was fairly high. Motif analysis and significant excess of triads further revealed that the species networks were largely transitive. This study highlights that some tropical arboreal ant communities organize into dominance hierarchies.
Data from: Tropical arboreal ants form dominance hierarchies over nesting resources
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Data from: Fighting over food unites the birds of North America in a continental dominance hierarchy
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Relationship between dominance hierarchy steepness and rank-relatedness of benefits in primates
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Data from: Inferring longitudinal hierarchies: framework and methods for studying the dynamics of dominance
1. Social inequality is a consistent feature of animal societies, often manifesting as dominance hierarchies, in which each individual is characterized by a dominance rank denoting its place in the network of competitive relationships among group‐members. Most studies treat dominance hierarchies as static entities despite their true longitudinal, and sometimes highly dynamic, nature. 2. To guide study of the dynamics of dominance, we propose the concept of a longitudinal hierarchy: the characterization of a single, latent hierarchy and it's dynamics over time. Longitudinal hierarchies describe the hierarchy position (r) and dynamics (∆) associated with each individual as a property of its interaction data, the periods into which these data are divided based on a period delineation rule (p), and the method chosen to infer the hierarchy. Hierarchy dynamics result from both active (∆a) and passive (∆p) processes. Methods that infer longitudinal hierarchies should optimize accuracy of rank dynamics as well as of the rank orders themselves, but no studies have yet evaluated the accuracy with which different methods infer hierarchy dynamics. 3. We modify three popular ranking approaches to make them better suited for inferring longitudinal hierarchies. Our three 'informed' methods assign ranks that are informed by data from the prior period rather than calculating ranks de novo in each observation period, and use prior knowledge of dominance correlates to inform placement of new individuals in the hierarchy. These methods are provided in an R package. 4. Using both a simulated dataset and a long‐term empirical dataset from a species with two distinct sex‐based dominance structures, we compare the performance of these methods and their unmodified counterparts. We show that choice of method has dramatic impacts on inference of hierarchy dynamics via differences in estimates of ∆a. Methods that calculate ranks de novo in each period overestimate hierarchy dynamics, but incorporation of prior information leads to more accurately inferred ∆a. Of the modified methods, Informed MatReorder infers the most conservative estimates of hierarchy dynamics and Informed Elo infers the most dynamic hierarchies. 5. This work provides crucially needed conceptual framing and methodological validation for studying social dominance and its dynamics.
Data from: Inferring longitudinal hierarchies: framework and methods for studying the dynamics of dominance
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Data from: Self-organizing dominance hierarchies in a wild primate population
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Radical change: Temporal patterns of oxidative stress during social ascent in a dominance hierarchy
<p>Dominant individuals have priority access to mates and resources. However, high rank can be costly too, especially when it is maintained by intense agonistic behavior. Oxidative stress has been proposed as a potential cost of social dominance. However, social dominance hierarchies can be dynamic, and few studies have examined the cost of social dominance when males are changing status. We studied temporal changes in markers of oxidative stress during social ascent in the East African cichlid fish <i>Astatotilapia burtoni</i>. After removing the dominant male, males ascended from subordinate to dominant status. On the first day of social ascent, immediately after the dominant male removal, the newly dominant male showed lower levels of plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC). However, we found that liver TAC and liver superoxide dismutase, an enzymatic antioxidant, were significantly upregulated on day 1 and 2 of social ascent, respectively. By day 14, all markers of oxidative stress were similar to those observed in stable dominant males, which has higher levels of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) compared to subordinate males. We conclude that markers of oxidative stress vary dramatically during social ascent in a time- and tissue-sensitive manner. Our study provides a more nuanced look at the oxidative cost of social dominance and highlights the importance of considering temporal changes in markers of oxidative stress during important life-history events.</p>
Data from: Predation risk and resource abundance mediate foraging behaviour and intraspecific resource partitioning among consumers in dominance hierarchies
Dominance hierarchies and the resulting unequal resource partitioning among individuals are key mechanisms of population regulation. The strength of dominance hierarchies can be influenced by size-dependent trade-offs between foraging and predator avoidance whereby competitively inferior subdominants can access a larger proportion of limiting resources by accepting higher predation risk. Foraging-predation risk trade-offs also depend on resource abundance. Yet, few studies have manipulated predation risk and resource abundance simultaneously; consequently, their joint effect on resource partitioning within dominance hierarchies are not well understood. We addressed this gap by measuring behavioural responses of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae) to experimental manipulations of predation risk and resource abundance in a natural temperate forest stream. Responses to predation risk depended on body size and social status such that larger fish (often social dominants) exhibited more risk-averse behaviour (e.g., lower foraging and appearance rates) than smaller subdominants after exposure to a simulated predator. The magnitude of this effect was lower when resources were elevated, indicating that dominant fish accepted a higher predation risk to forage on abundant resources. However, the influence of resource abundance did not extend to the population level, where predation risk altered the distribution of foraging attempts (a proxy for energy intake) from being skewed towards large individuals to being skewed towards small individuals after predator exposure. Our results imply that size-dependent foraging-predation risk trade-offs can weaken the strength of dominance hierarchies by allowing competitively inferior subdominants to access resources that would otherwise be monopolized.
Data from: The network motif architecture of dominance hierarchies
The widespread existence of dominance hierarchies has been a central puzzle in social evolution, yet we lack a framework for synthesizing the vast empirical data on hierarchy structure in animal groups. We applied network motif analysis to compare the structures of dominance networks from data published over the past 80 years. Overall patterns of dominance relations, including some aspects of non-interactions, were strikingly similar across disparate group types. For example, nearly all groups exhibited high frequencies of transitive triads, whereas cycles were very rare. Moreover, pass-along triads were rare, and double-dominant triads were common in most groups. These patterns did not vary in any systematic way across taxa, study settings (captive or wild) or group size. Two factors significantly affected network motif structure: the proportion of dyads that were observed to interact and the interaction rates of the top-ranked individuals. Thus, study design (i.e. how many interactions were observed) and the behaviour of key individuals in the group could explain much of the variations we see in social hierarchies across animals. Our findings confirm the ubiquity of dominance hierarchies across all animal systems, and demonstrate that network analysis provides new avenues for comparative analyses of social hierarchies.
Raw data for: Extreme climate shifts pest dominance hierarchy through thermal evolution and transgenerational plasticity
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Data from: Predation risk and resource abundance mediate foraging behaviour and intraspecific resource partitioning among consumers in dominance hierarchies
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