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15 results for “durophagy”
Figure 2 in Reptiles as principal prey? Adaptations for durophagy and prey selection by jaguar (Panthera onca)
Figure 2. Percentage of Jaguar (Panthera onca) diet composed by peccaries or armadillos compared with cougars (Puma concolor). Jaguar prey more extensively over armoured and dangerous prey. Data were pooled from reviewed literature where faeces of cougars and jaguars were collected at the same site. Bars represents means while whiskers represent standard errors for each prey group.
Supplemental Material for "Biomechanical analyses of Cambrian euarthropod limbs reveal their effectiveness in mastication and durophagy"
<p>Durophagy arose in the Cambrian and greatly influenced the diversification of biomineralised defensive structures throughout the Phanerozoic. Spinose gnathobases on protopodites of Cambrian euarthropod limbs are considered key innovations for shell-crushing, yet few studies have demonstrated their effectiveness with biomechanical models. Here we present finite element analysis models of two Cambrian trilobites with prominent gnathobases—<i>Redlichia rex</i> and <i>Olenoides serratus</i>—and compare these to the protopodites of the Cambrian euarthropod <i>Sidneyia inexpectans</i> and the modern American horseshoe crab, <i>Limulus polyphemus</i>. Results show that <i>L. polyphemus</i>, <i>S. inexpectans</i> and <i>R. rex</i> have broadly similar microstrain patterns, reflecting effective durophagous abilities. Conversely, low microstrain values across the <i>O. serratus</i> protopodite suggest that the elongate gnathobasic spines transferred minimal strain, implying that this species was less well-adapted to masticate hard prey. These results confirm that Cambrian euarthropods with transversely elongate protopodites bearing short, robust gnathobasic spines were likely durophages. Comparatively, taxa with shorter protopodites armed with long spines, such as <i>O. serratus</i>, were more likely restricted to a soft food diet. The prevalence of Cambrian gnathobase-bearing euarthropods and their various feeding specialisations may have accelerated the development of complex trophic relationships within early animal ecosystems, especially the 'arms race' between predators and biomineralised prey.</p>
Supplemental Material for "Biomechanical analyses of Cambrian euarthropod limbs reveal their effectiveness in mastication and durophagy"
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FIGURE 9 in A new remarkable and Critically Endangered species of Astyanax Baird & Girard (Characiformes: Characidae) from Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil, with a discussion on durophagy in the Characiformes
FIGURE 9. Map of the rio Paraguaçu basin, Bahia State, Brazil, showing the collection site and type locality of Astyanax brucutu.
FIGURE 6 in A new remarkable and Critically Endangered species of Astyanax Baird & Girard (Characiformes: Characidae) from Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil, with a discussion on durophagy in the Characiformes
FIGURE 6. Central portion of the right suspensorium of a cleared and stained specimen of Astyanax brucutu (UFBA 8095, 60.3 mm SL, paratype) in medial view (lower jaw removed), showing articulations of the ectopterygoid (ecp), mesopterygoid (msp), metapterygoid (mpt) and quadrate (q).
FIGURE 7 in A new remarkable and Critically Endangered species of Astyanax Baird & Girard (Characiformes: Characidae) from Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil, with a discussion on durophagy in the Characiformes
FIGURE 7. Detail of the anterior portion of the skull and suspensorion of a cleared and stained specimen of Astyanax brucutu (UFBA 8095, 60.3 mm SL, paratype) in left lateral view. ao—antorbital; le—lateral ethmoid; msp—mesopterygoid; ps— parasphenoid. Arrow indicates longitudinal crest on the laterodorsal portion of the mesopterygoid.
FIGURE 5 in A new remarkable and Critically Endangered species of Astyanax Baird & Girard (Characiformes: Characidae) from Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil, with a discussion on durophagy in the Characiformes
FIGURE 5. Upper and lower jaws of Astyanax brucutu (MZUSP 109106, paratype) in left lateral view. Scale bar = 1 mm. aa— anguloarticular; de—dentary; mx—maxilla; pmx—premaxilla; ra—retroarticular. Arrow indicates the premaxillary-maxillary ligament.
FIGURE 2 in A new remarkable and Critically Endangered species of Astyanax Baird & Girard (Characiformes: Characidae) from Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil, with a discussion on durophagy in the Characiformes
FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) images of the premaxillae (A, left; B, right) and lower jaws (C, left; D, right, slightly tilted) in medial views of Astyanax brucutu ZUEC 11980, 45.0 mm SL (paratype). Scale bars as indicated in the figures.
FIGURE 4 in A new remarkable and Critically Endangered species of Astyanax Baird & Girard (Characiformes: Characidae) from Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil, with a discussion on durophagy in the Characiformes
FIGURE 4. Anterior portion of the mesethmoid and right premaxilla (pmx) of a cleared and stained specimen of Astyanax brucutu (UFBA 8095, 60.3 mm SL, paratype) in left lateral view. Arrows indicate anteroventral process of the mesethmoid.
FIGURE 1 in A new remarkable and Critically Endangered species of Astyanax Baird & Girard (Characiformes: Characidae) from Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil, with a discussion on durophagy in the Characiformes
FIGURE 1. Astyanax brucutu: (a) holotype, ZUEC 12765, 58.4 mm, Brazil, Bahia, Iraquara, rio Pratinha, tributary of rio Santo Antônio, rio Paraguaçu basin; (b) paratype, ZUEC 11980, 40.6 mm SL; (c) paratype, UFBA 8095, not measured, collected with holotype and photographed alive.
FIGURE 10 in A new remarkable and Critically Endangered species of Astyanax Baird & Girard (Characiformes: Characidae) from Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil, with a discussion on durophagy in the Characiformes
FIGURE 10. Partial view of the pool and river margin at the "Gruta da Pratinha" cave entrance, rio Pratinha, Rio Paraguaçu basin, Bahia, Brazil, where most specimens of Astyanax brucutu were collected.
FIGURE 8 in A new remarkable and Critically Endangered species of Astyanax Baird & Girard (Characiformes: Characidae) from Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil, with a discussion on durophagy in the Characiformes
FIGURE 8. Detail of the anterior region of the ventral portion of the skull of a cleared and stained specimen of Astyanax brucutu (UFBA 8095, 60.3 mm SL, paratype), showing connections with the anterior tip of the left suspensorium and upper jaw (partially depicted); right suspensorium removed. ecp—ectopterygoid; msp—mesopterygoid; pal—palatine; pmx— premaxilla; ps—parasphenoid; vo—vomer. Notice the strong ligament between the anterior tips of the ectopterygoid/ mesopterygoid and the vomer.
Figure 1 in Reptiles as principal prey? Adaptations for durophagy and prey selection by jaguar (Panthera onca)
Figure 1. Jaguar (Panthera onca) preference for different prey species. Preference was measured with a Jacob index based on the number of individuals of a given species consumed compared to abundance data in number of individuals. Data was pooled from reviewed literature on the subject. Each datum is an average of each study. A value of 0 indicates that jaguars consume this resource with a frequency proportional to its relative abundance in the environment. A positive value indicates that it consumes more than expected by chance. A negative value indicates consumption occurred at a value less than expected by random (avoidance).
Data from: Imperfect morphological convergence: variable changes in cranial structures underlie transitions to durophagy in moray eels
Convergence is central to the study of evolution because it demonstrates the power of natural selection to deterministically shape phenotypic diversity. However, the conditions under which a common morphology repeatedly evolves may be restrictive. Many factors—such as differing genetic and environmental backgrounds and many-to-one mapping of form to function—contribute to variability in responses to selection. Nevertheless, lineages may evolve similar, even if not identical, forms given a shared selective regime, providing opportunities to examine the relative importance of natural selection, constraint and contingency. Here, we show that following 10 transitions to durophagy in moray eels (Muraenidae), cranial morphology repeatedly evolved toward a novel region of morphological space indicative of enhanced feeding performance on hard prey. Disparity among the resulting 15 durophagous species, however, is greater than disparity among ancestors that fed on large evasive prey, contradicting the pattern expected under convergence. This elevated disparity is a consequence of lineage-specific responses to durophagy, in which independent transitions vary in the suites of traits exhibiting the largest changes. Our results reveal a pattern of imperfect convergence, which suggests shared selection may actually promote diversification because lineages often differ in their phenotypic responses to similar selective demands.
Data from: Imperfect morphological convergence: variable changes in cranial structures underlie transitions to durophagy in moray eels
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