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10 results for “early hominins”
Experimental assessment of the relationship between diet and mandibular morphology: new insights for the paleodietary reconstructions of early hominins
<p>Code R.txt : R script containing all the analyses (can be open in R or RStudio or any text reader)</p> <p>landmark_coordinates: Raw coordinates for all specimens</p> <p>diet-scrach.csv : CSV file containing all the information of the specimens</p>
Finite element models from: Mechanical compensation in the evolution of the early hominin feeding apparatus
<p>Australopiths, a group of hominins from the Plio-Pleistocene of Africa, are characterized by derived traits in their crania hypothesized to strengthen the facial skeleton against feeding loads and increase the efficiency of bite force production. The crania of robust australopiths are further thought to be stronger and more efficient than those of gracile australopiths. Results of prior mechanical analyses have been broadly consistent with this hypothesis, but here we show that the predictions of the hypothesis with respect to mechanical strength are not met: some gracile australopith crania are as strong as that of a robust australopith, and the strength of gracile australopith crania overlaps substantially with that of chimpanzee crania. We hypothesize that the evolution of cranial traits that increased the efficiency of bite force production in australopiths may have simultaneously weakened the face, leading to the compensatory evolution of additional traits that reinforced the facial skeleton. The evolution of facial form in early hominins can therefore be thought of as a trade-off between the need to increase the efficiency of bite force production and the need to maintain the structural integrity of the face. This may have implications for interpreting cranial form in other vertebrates.</p>
Data from: Sporadic sampling not climatic forcing drives observed early hominin diversity
The role of climate change in the origin and diversification of early hominins is hotly debated. Most accounts of early hominin evolution link observed fluctuations in species diversity to directional shifts in climate or periods of intense climatic instability. None of these hypotheses, however, have tested whether observed diversity patterns are distorted by variation in the quality of the hominin fossil record. Here, we present a detailed examination of early hominin diversity dynamics, including both taxic and phylogenetically corrected diversity estimates. Unlike past studies, we compare these estimates to sampling metrics for rock availability (hominin-, primate-, and mammal-bearing formations) and collection effort, in order to assess the geological and anthropogenic controls on the sampling of the early hominin fossil record. Taxic diversity, primate-bearing formations, and collection effort show strong positive correlations, demonstrating that observed patterns of early hominin taxic diversity can be explained by temporal heterogeneity in fossil sampling rather than genuine evolutionary processes. Peak taxic diversity at 1.9 million years ago (Ma) is a sampling artefact, reflecting merely maximal rock availability and collection effort. In contrast, phylogenetic diversity estimates imply peak diversity at 2.4 Ma and show little relation to sampling metrics. We find that apparent relationships between early hominin diversity and indicators of climatic instability are, in fact, driven largely by variation in suitable rock exposure and collection effort. Our results suggest that significant improvements in the quality of the fossil record are required before the role of climate in hominin evolution can be reliably determined.
Limestone spheroid 3D models for: The limestone spheroids of 'Ubeidiya: Intentional imposition of symmetric geometry by early hominins?
<p><span>Spheroids are one of the least understood lithic items yet are one of the most enduring, spanning from the Oldowan to the Middle Palaeolithic. Why and how they were made remains highly debated. We seek to address whether spheroids represent unintentional by-products of percussive tasks or if they were intentionally knapped tools with specific manufacturing goals. We apply novel 3D analysis methods, including spherical harmonics and surface curvature, to 150 limestone spheroids from 'Ubeidiya (c.1.4Ma), presently the earliest Acheulean occurrence outside of Africa, to bring a new perspective to these enigmatic artefacts. We reconstruct the spheroid reduction sequence based on trends in their scar facets and geometry, finding that the spheroid makers at 'Ubeidiya followed a premeditated reduction strategy. During their manufacture, the spheroids do not become smoother, but they become markedly more spherical. They approach an ideal sphere, a feat that likely required a mental template and skilful knapping. Acheulean bifaces are currently thought to represent the earliest evidence of hominins imposing a premeditated, symmetrical shape on stone. With evidence of spheroids occurring before the Acheulean, the intentional production of a sphere-like object now represents the oldest evidence of hominins desiring and achieving intentional geometry and symmetry in stone. </span></p>
Finite element models from: Mechanical compensation in the evolution of the early hominin feeding apparatus
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Data from: Sporadic sampling not climatic forcing drives observed early hominin diversity
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Limestone spheroid 3D models for: The limestone spheroids of ‘Ubeidiya: Intentional imposition of symmetric geometry by early hominins?
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Data from: Walking on ashes: insect trace fossils from Laetoli indicate poor grass cover associated with early hominin environments
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Dataset for "Rethinking early hominin toolmaking through comparative primate models"
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Supplementary videos from: The use of chimpanzee-modified faunal assemblages to investigate early hominin carnivory.
<p>This document includes five videos recorded by Dr. David Watts at Ngogo (Kibale National Park, Uganda). In the videos, chimpanzees are shown eating vertebrate meat. These videos illustrate behaviors described in the associated journal article. </p> <p>Supplementary Video 1: Adult male Jackson disarticulates the rib cage of a juvenile red colobus monkey and<br> removes muscle tissue from the ribs. He uses his cheek teeth and incisors to disarticulate ribs from the spinal<br> column, and he rolls several ribs around in his mouth as he chews them and removes soft tissue.<br> Supplementary Video 2: Adult male Jackson sucks bone marrow from the diaphysis of a red colobus long <br> bone after having chewed off the epiphyses. He then drops the bone and resumes chewing on muscle tissue held in <br> his hand. Adult male Miles retrieves the bone and uses his teeth (probably incisors, but the action is not <br> visible) to remove the last remaining muscle tissue.<br> Supplementary Video 3: Adult male Monk holds part of the spinal column, the legs, and the tail of an adult male red colobus. He removes meat from the<br> spine with his incisors, and he ingests and chews leaves along with the meat. In the background, adult male Morton removes meat from part of the monkey’s<br> ribcage. At several points, he bites ribs with his cheek teeth, and at 1:24 he fractures one or several ribs.<br> Supplementary Video 4: Adult male Basie feeds on part of the spinal column plus an arm of an adult female red colobus. He gives a disarticulated <br> limb bone to adult male Lofty. Note the prolonged chewing and the fact that both males ingest leaves that they masticate along with the meat. For reasons <br> that are unclear, chimpanzees commonly do this when they are eating meat. The behavior is unlikely to affect patterns of tooth damage to bone surfaces other than those of small cheiridial bones that the <br> chimpanzees sometimes chew intra-orally. At 1:55, Basie further disarticulates the monkey’s arm by biting down on it and pulling back with his incisors while using his arms to pull in the opposite direction.<br> Supplementary Video 5: Adult male Garrison feeds on the hand and forearm of an adult female red colobus. The forearm has been disarticulated at the elbow <br> joint. Garrison uses his incisors and cheek teeth to strip soft tissue from the hand. He also bites off several phalanges, which he then chews – mostly <br> using his cheek teeth – to remove soft tissue. At 2:46, he removes a phalanx from his mouth and holds it with his left hand while he uses his incisors to <br> detach muscle tissue from it. At 3:20, he appears to drop the bone. However, chimpanzees sometimes swallow whole or partial phalanges and, especially from <br> smaller prey, other hand and foot bones when they process them intra-orally as shown here. This explains why such bones appear in feces.</p> <p>Please contact the authors if you would like to use these videos for purposes other than educational. </p> <p>alex.bertacchi@yale.edu<br> david.watts@yale.edu</p>
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