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25 results for “earthworm invasion”
Data from: Cascading effects of earthworm invasion in tundra increase graminoid density and rodent grazing intensities
<p>Earthworms are being introduced to numerous ecosystems through human activities. Some non-native earthworm species have the potential to 'geoengineer' soils and increase plant nitrogen (N) uptake, but if the increased plant N concentrations can cause increased rodent grazing is not well known. In this study, we present findings from a common garden experiment with two tundra communities, meadow (forb dominated) and heath (shrub dominated), half of them subjected to four years of earthworm presence (<em>Lumbricus</em> spp. and <em>Aporrectodea</em> spp.). Within four summers, our earthworm treatment changed plant community composition by increasing graminoid density by on average 94 % in the heath vegetation and by 49 % in the meadow. Rodent winter grazing were more intense on plants growing in soils with earthworms, an effect that coincided with higher nitrogen concentrations in plants indicating a higher palatability. Moreover, although the earthworms decreased soil moisture, our proxy for plant community photosynthesis (greenness) was not negatively affected. We conclude that earthworm-induced changes in plant composition and trophic interactions may radically alter the functioning of tundra ecosystems.</p>
Earthworm invasion causes declines across soil fauna size classes and biodiversity facets in northern North American forests
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Data from: Predictive mapping to identify refuges for plant communities threatened by earthworm invasion
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Data from: Cascading effects of earthworm invasion in tundra increase graminoid density and rodent grazing intensities
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Invasive earthworms reduce chemical defense and increase herbivory and pathogen infection in native trees
<ol> <li>Recent research shows that earthworms can alter defense traits of plants against herbivores and pathogens by affecting soil biochemistry. Yet, the effects of invasive earthworms on defense traits of native plants from previously earthworm-free ecosystems as well as the consequences for multitrophic interactions are virtually unknown.</li> <li>Here we use a combination of an observational study and a complementary experimental study to investigate the effects of invasive earthworms on leaf defense traits, herbivore damage, and pathogen infection in two poplar tree species (<i>Populus balsamifera </i>and <i>Populus tremuloides</i>) native to North American boreal forests.</li> <li>Our observational study showed that earthworm invasion was associated with enhanced leaf herbivory in saplings of both tree species. However, we only detected significant shifts in the concentration of chemical defense compounds in response to earthworm invasion for <i>P. balsamifera</i>. Specifically, leaf phenolic concentrations, including salicinoids and catechin, were lower in <i>P. balsamifera </i>from earthworm-invaded sites.</li> <li>Our experimental study confirmed an earthworm-induced reduction in leaf defense levels in <i>P. balsamifera</i> for one of the defense compounds, tremulacin. The experimental study additionally showed that invasive earthworms reduced leaf dry matter content, potentially increasing leaf palatability, and enhanced susceptibility of trees to infection by a fungal pathogen, but not to aphids, in the same tree species.</li> <li> <i>Synthesis. </i>Our results show that invasive earthworms can decrease the concentrations of some chemical defense compounds in <i>P. balsamifera</i>, which could make them susceptible to leaf-chewing insects. Such potential impacts of invasive earthworms are likely to have implications for tree survival and competition, native tree biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning.</li> </ol>
Data from: Invasive lumbricid earthworms in North America – different life-histories but common dispersal?
<p>Aim<br> Lumbricid earthworms are invasive across northern North America, causing notable changes in forest ecosystems. During their range expansion, they encountered harsher climatic conditions compared to their native ranges in short time (~400 years). This study investigated if (1) dispersal barriers, (2) climatic selection, or (3) anthropogenic activities, i.e. fishing bait disposal, structure the dispersal of free-living earthworm populations.</p> <p>Location<br> North America, forest habitats along former Wisconsinan glaciation line</p> <p>Taxon<br> Lumbricus terrestris, L. rubellus</p> <p>Methods<br> Lumbricus terrestris and L. rubellus co-occur in the same habitats but differ in ecology and use as fishing bait. Both species were sampled in five transects ranging from the east to the west coast of northern North America, including major dispersal barriers, three different climate zones, and bait shops near sampling locations. Genetic diversity and structure were compared between the two species, and the presence of free-living bait shop genotypes was assessed using four markers (COI, 16S rDNA, 12S rDNA, H3).</p> <p>Results<br> Populations of both species were genetically diverse with some geographic structure, which was more pronounced in L. terrestris than in L. rubellus. Common haplotypes were present in all regions, but locally restricted haplotypes also occurred. Further, two distinct genetic clades of L. terrestris co-occurred only in the two most distant transects (Alberta and Minnesota). Genotypes identical to bait individuals were omnipresent in field populations of L. terrestris.</p> <p>Main conclusions<br> Genetic diversity was high in both species, and invasive populations represented a genetic subset of European earthworms. Geographic and climatic dispersal barriers affected the less mobile species, L. rubellus, resulting in differences in genetic structure between the two species. Our results indicate common long-distance dispersal vectors and vectors affecting only L. terrestris. The roles of climate and anthropogenic activities are discussed, providing additional explanations of dispersal and new insights into establishment of invasive earthworm populations.</p> <p>Keywords<br> biological invasion, colonisation, genetic clades, agriculture, climate, dispersal barriers</p>
Data from Soil chemistry turned upside down: a meta-analysis of invasive earthworm effects on soil chemical properties
<p>Recent studies have shown that invasive earthworms can dramatically reduce native biodiversity, both above and below the ground. <a name="_Hlk9515878">However, we still lack a synthetic understanding of the underlying mechanisms behind these changes, such as whether earthworm effects on soil chemical properties drive such relationships</a>. Here, we investigated the effects of invasive earthworms on soil chemical properties (pH, water content, and the stocks and fluxes of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) by conducting a meta-analysis. Invasive earthworms generally increased soil pH, indicating that the removal of organic layers and the upward transport of more base-rich mineral soil caused a shift in soil pH. Moreover, earthworms significantly decreased soil water content, suggesting that the burrowing activities of earthworms may have increased water infiltration of and/or increased evapo-transpiration from soil. Notably, invasive earthworms had opposing effects on organic and mineral soil for carbon and nitrogen stocks, with decreases in organic, and increases in mineral soil. Nitrogen fluxes were higher in mineral soil, whereas fluxes in organic soil were not significantly affected by the presence of invasive earthworms, indicating that earthworms mobilize and redistribute nutrients among soil layers and increase overall nitrogen loss from the soil. Invasive earthworm effects on element stocks increased with ecological group richness only in organic soil. Earthworms further decreased ammonium stocks with negligible effects on nitrate stocks in organic soil, whereas they increased nitrate stocks but not ammonium stocks in mineral soil. Notably, all of these results were consistent across forest and grassland ecosystems underlining the generality of our findings. However, we found some significant differences between studies that were conducted in the field (observational and experimental settings) and in the lab, such as that the effects on soil pH decreased from field to lab settings, calling for a careful interpretation of lab findings. Our meta-analysis provides strong empirical evidence that earthworm invasion may lead to substantial changes in soil chemical properties and element cycling in soil. Furthermore, our results can help explain the dramatic effects of invasive earthworms on native biodiversity, e.g., shifts towards the dominance of grass species over herbaceous ones, as shown by recent meta-analyses.</p>
Data from: Earthworm invasion, white-tailed deer and seedling establishment in deciduous forests of northeastern North America
1. Earthworm invasions and high deer populations are among many stressors threatening long-term population viability of forest understorey plants in northeastern North America. Stressor effects are typically tested one at a time, however, stressors often co-occur, and plants respond to effects of multiple stressors simultaneously. 2. We used a factorial design to test independent and combined effects of non-native earthworms and native white-tailed deer on survival of seedling transplants of 15 native understorey plants in 5 forests in New York State. 3. Earthworm biomass was negatively correlated with survival of 12 of 15 species. We found no interactive effect of deer and earthworms, but did find a positive, non-consumptive effect of deer on Geranium maculatum and P. virginianum survival. 4. Deer and earthworm presence/absence indirectly influenced other trophic levels: earthworm presence increased the likelihood of insect attack, and deer exclusion increased the likelihood of rodent attack disturbance of transplants. 5. Synthesis: Invasive earthworms negatively affected seedling survival of many understorey plants, including species previously thought to benefit from earthworm associations. This effect was a function of earthworm biomass, a surrogate for earthworm activity. We expect deer herbivory to increase in importance, including indirect effects, as seedlings grow into browse height over the next years. Investigations of co-occurring stressors can result in 'ecological surprises' including previously overlooked non-consumptive effects or effects on other trophic levels.
Invasive earthworms can change understory plant community traits and reduce plant functional diversity
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Effects of earthworm invasion on soil properties and plant diversity after two years of field experiment
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Data from: Earthworm invasion, white-tailed deer and seedling establishment in deciduous forests of northeastern North America
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Data from Soil chemistry turned upside down: a meta-analysis of invasive earthworm effects on soil chemical properties
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Data from: Invasive Asian earthworms negatively impact keystone terrestrial salamanders
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Data from: Soil drainage facilitates earthworm invasion and subsequent carbon loss from peatland soil
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Invasive earthworms reduce chemical defense and increase herbivory and pathogen infection in native trees
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Data from: Invasive lumbricid earthworms in North America – different life-histories but common dispersal?
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Figure 7 from: Ortíz-Gamino D, Gregorio J, Cunha L, Martínez-Romero E, Fragoso C, Ortíz-Ceballos ÁI (2020) Population genetics and diversity structure of an invasive earthworm in tropical and temperate pastures from Veracruz, Mexico. ZooKeys 941: 49-69. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.941.49319
Figure 7 Classification of Pontoscolex corethrurus individuals according to a Bayesian assignment algorithm implemented in NEWHYBRIDS (Anderson and Thompson 2002) to detect gene flow. Each unit represents an individual corresponding to parental lineages (Lineage A and Lineage B), F1 generation, F2 (F1 x F1) and later generation or introgressive hybrids B1 (Lineage A x F1) and B2 (e.g., Lineage B x F1).
Figure 6 from: Ortíz-Gamino D, Gregorio J, Cunha L, Martínez-Romero E, Fragoso C, Ortíz-Ceballos ÁI (2020) Population genetics and diversity structure of an invasive earthworm in tropical and temperate pastures from Veracruz, Mexico. ZooKeys 941: 49-69. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.941.49319
Figure 6 Genetic structure using ISSR data for 35 Pontoscolex corethrurus individuals based on discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC). Proportion of eigenvalues in discriminant analysis (bottom left plot) and PCA eigenvalues (bottom right), with the first 12 significant principal components highlighted in black.
Figure 4 from: Ortíz-Gamino D, Gregorio J, Cunha L, Martínez-Romero E, Fragoso C, Ortíz-Ceballos ÁI (2020) Population genetics and diversity structure of an invasive earthworm in tropical and temperate pastures from Veracruz, Mexico. ZooKeys 941: 49-69. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.941.49319
Figure 4 UPGMA dendrogram of genetic distance between MGLs (A) and between populations (B) observed in the distinct populations of Pontoscolex corethrurus collected in central Veracruz State, Mexico. Only bootstrap values higher than or equal to 70% are shown.
Figure 2 from: Ortíz-Gamino D, Gregorio J, Cunha L, Martínez-Romero E, Fragoso C, Ortíz-Ceballos ÁI (2020) Population genetics and diversity structure of an invasive earthworm in tropical and temperate pastures from Veracruz, Mexico. ZooKeys 941: 49-69. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.941.49319
Figure 2 Rarefaction curve of expected number of MLGs captured per earthworm of Pontoscolex corethrurus sampled (A), and a MLG accumulation curve according to the number of loci sampled (B).
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