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32 results for “eavesdropping”
Evolved eavesdropping: sympatric but not allopatric honey bee species can detect and use hornet alarm pheromone for defence
<p>Eavesdropping is predicted to evolve between sympatric, but not allopatric, predator and prey. The evolutionary arms race between Asian honey bees and their hornet predators has led to a remarkable defence, heat-balling, which suffocates hornets with heat and carbon dioxide. We show that the sympatric Asian species, <em>Apis cerana</em>(Ac), formed heat balls in response to Ac and hornet (<em>Vespa</em><em>velutina</em>) alarm pheromones, demonstrating eavesdropping. The allopatric species, <em>Apis</em><em>mellifera</em>(Am), only weakly responded to a live hornet and Am alarm pheromone, butnot to hornet alarm pheromone. We observed typical hornet alarm pheromone releasing behaviour, hornet sting extension, when guard bees initially attacked. Once heat balls were formed, guards released honey bee sting alarm pheromones: isopentyl acetate, octyl acetate, (<em>E</em>)-2-decen-1-yl acetate, and benzyl acetate. Only Ac heat-balled in response to realistic bee alarm pheromone component levels, <1 bee-equivalent (1 µg), of isopentyl acetate. Detailed eavesdropping experiments showed that Ac, but not Am, formed heat-balls in response to a synthetic blend of hornet alarm pheromone. Only Ac antennae showed strong, consistent responses to hornet alarm pheromone compounds and venom volatiles. These data provide the first evidence that the sympatric Ac, but not the allopatric Am, can eavesdrop upon hornet alarm pheromone and uses this information, in addition to bee alarm pheromone, to heat-ball hornets. Evolution has likely given Ac this eavesdropping ability, an adaptation that the allopatric Am does not possess.</p>
Parasitoid–host eavesdropping reveals temperature coupling of preferences to communication signals without genetic coupling
<p>Receivers of acoustic communication signals evaluate signal features to identify conspecifics. Changes in the ambient temperature can alter these features, rendering species recognition a challenge. To maintain effective communication, temperature coupling—changes in receiver signal preferences that parallel temperature-induced changes in signal parameters—occurs among genetically coupled signallers and receivers. Whether eavesdroppers of communication signals exhibit temperature coupling is unknown. Here, we investigate if the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea , an eavesdropper of cricket calling songs, exhibits song pulse rate preferences that are temperature coupled. We use a high-speed treadmill system to record walking phonotaxis at three ambient temperatures (21, 25, and 30°C) in response to songs that varied in pulse rates (20 to 90 pulses per second). Total walking distance, peak steering velocity, angular heading, and the phonotaxis performance index varied with song pulse rates and ambient temperature. The peak of phonotaxis performance index preference functions became broader and shifted to higher pulse rate values at higher temperatures. Temperature-related changes in cricket songs between 21 and 30°C did not drastically affect the ability of flies to recognize cricket calling songs. These results confirm that temperature coupling can occur in eavesdroppers that are not genetically coupled with signallers.</p>
Nestling birds learn socially to eavesdrop on heterospecific alarm calls through acoustic association
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Parasitoid–host eavesdropping reveals temperature coupling of preferences to communication signals without genetic coupling
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Blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis, reduce predation risk by eavesdropping on communication signals of Formica oreas thatching ants
<p>Ticks spend most of their life inhabiting leaf litter and detritus where they are protected from sun but preyed upon by ants. Ants secrete chemical communication signals to coordinate group tasks such as nest defense. Ticks that avoid ant semiochemicals – as indicators of ant presence – would reduce predation risk by ants. We tested the hypotheses that (1) chemical deposits from the thatching ant <em>Formica</em> <em>oreas</em> deter blacklegged ticks,<em> Ixodes scapularis</em>, (2) deterrent semiochemicals originate from the ants' poison and/or Dufour's gland(s), and (3) tick-deterrent semiochemicals serve as alarm-recruitment pheromone components in <em>F. oreas</em>. In two-choice olfactometer bioassays, filter paper soiled with ant chemical deposits significantly deterred female and male ticks. Poison and Dufour's gland extracts deterred ticks in combination but not alone. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses of gland extracts revealed formic acid as the major constituent in the poison gland and 8 hydrocarbons as constituents in the Dufour's gland. Synthetic formic acid and hydrocarbons deterred ticks only when combined. <em>F. oreas</em> workers sprayed both formic acid and hydrocarbons when distressed. A synthetic blend of these compounds elicited alarm-recruitment responses by <em>F. oreas</em> in behavioural bioassays. All results combined indicate that ticks eavesdrop on the ants' communication system.</p>
HawkEar: A bird-borne visual and acoustic platform for eavesdropping the behavior of mobile animals
<p>UAVs (drones) offer mobile platforms for ecological investigation, but can be impractical in some environments and the resulting noise can disturb wildlife.</p> <p>We developed a mobile alternative using a bird-borne platform to record the behavior of other animals in the field. This unit consists of a lightweight audio and video sensor that is carried by a trained Harris's hawk <em>Parabuteo unicinctus</em>.</p> <p>We tested the hypothesis that our bird-borne platform is a viable option for collecting behavioral data from mobile animals. We recorded acoustic and video data as the hawk flew through a dense group of Brazilian free-tailed bats <em>Tadarida brasiliensis</em> emerging from a cave, with a test case of investigating how echolocation calls changes depending on spatial position in the bat group.</p> <p>The HawkEar platform is an alternative for collecting behavioral data when a mobile platform that is less noisy and restrictive than traditional UAVs is needed. The design and software are open source and can be modified to accommodate additional sensor needs.</p>
Eavesdropping micropredators as dynamic limiters of sexual signal elaboration and intrasexual competition
<p>To thoroughly understand the drivers of dynamic signal elaboration requires assessing the direct and indirect effects of naturally interacting factors. Here, we use structural equation modeling (SEM) to test multivariate data from <i>in situ</i> observations of sexual signal production against a model of causal processes hypothesized to drive signal elaboration. We assess direct and indirect effects, and relative impacts, of male-male competition and attacks by eavesdropping frog-biting midges (Diptera: Corethrellidae) on call elaboration of male túngara frogs (<i>Engystomops pustulosus</i>). We find that the intensity of attacks by these micropredator flies drives the extent to which frogs elaborate their calls, likely due to a temporal trade-off between signaling and anti-micropredator defense. Micropredator attacks appear to dynamically limit a male's call rate and complexity and consequently dampen the effects of intrasexual competition. In accounting for naturally interacting drivers of signal elaboration, this study presents a counterpoint to the mechanisms traditionally thought to drive sexual selection in this system. Moreover, the results shed light on the relatively unexamined and potentially influential role of eavesdropping micropredators in the evolution of sexual communication systems.</p>
Shared predators between primate groups and mixed species bird flocks: The potential for forest-wide eavesdropping networks
<p>A <span><span><span><span>basic tenet of animal behavior is that animal groupings (e.g., schools of fishes or flocks of birds) are widely influenced by predators. Many studies have focused on communication between individuals within the same species or different species within a defined social group; but predators typically select from a number of different co-occurring species. To evaluate whether two distantly-related species with similar predators share vocal information regarding predator threats, we conducted a field experiment in the Amazonian rainforest involving an avian prey-species, a primate prey-species, and a shared predator. In our reciprocal field experiment, we elicited alarm calls from birds (Bluish-slate antshrikes, <em>Thamnomanes schistogynus</em>)<em> </em>and primates (Saddle-backed tamarins, <em>Saguinus fuscicollis</em>) by exposing them to a trained raptor (Bicolored Hawk, <em>Accipiter bicolor</em>). We then played all types of recorded alarm calls back to birds and tamarins, and measured 1) the time to respond (for both birds and tamarins), and 2) the distance moved across the substrate (for tamarins). Our results show that both birds and tamarins were significantly more likely to flee when hearing vocal alarms compared to a control (a common bird call, the Screaming Piha, <em>Lipaugus vociferans</em>), regardless of the species who produced the alarm. In addition, tamarins moved significantly more upon hearing bird alarm calls when compared to the control. We suggest that signals regarding shared predators may be highly valued across prey from distinct social groups. These data support the hypothesis that overlapping potential predators can drive communication between distinct prey groups, resulting in taxonomically diverse eavesdropping networks within tropical rainforests.</span></span></span></span></p>
Eavesdropping micropredators as dynamic limiters of sexual signal elaboration and intrasexual competition
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HawkEar: A bird-borne visual and acoustic platform for eavesdropping the behavior of mobile animals
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Blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis, reduce predation risk by eavesdropping on communication signals of Formica oreas thatching ants
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Shared predators between primate groups and mixed species bird flocks: The potential for forest-wide eavesdropping networks
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Prey exploits the auditory illusions of eavesdropping predators
<p>Mating signals have evolved to attract target receivers, even to the point of exploiting receivers through perceptual manipulation. Signals, however, can also expose signalers to non-target receivers, including predators and parasites, and thus have also evolved to decrease enemy attraction. Here we show that male treefrogs (<i>Smilisca sila</i>) reduce their attractiveness to eavesdropping enemies (bats and midges) by overlapping their calls at near-perfect synchrony with the calls of neighboring conspecifics. By producing calls that closely follow those of other males, synchronizing <i>S. sila</i> take advantage of an auditory illusion where enemies are more attracted to the leading call. Female <i>S. sila</i>, however, are not as susceptible to this illusion. Thus, synchronization among signaling males can result in acoustic crypsis from predators without affecting female attraction. Given the widespread use of conspicuous mating signals and eavesdropping enemies, perceptual exploitation of eavesdroppers is likely a common driver of signal evolution.</p>
Data from: A test of the eavesdropping avoidance hypothesis as an explanation for the structure of low amplitude aggressive signals in the song sparrow
Low amplitude signals function in private exchanges of information between signalers and nearby receivers. The eavesdropping avoidance hypothesis proposes that selection favors quiet threat signals in order to avoid the costs of eavesdroppers. If true, then selection should favor other acoustic traits in addition to low amplitude that lead to quiet signals transmitting less effectively through the environment compared to broadcast signals. The "warbled" soft songs of male song sparrows differ from "crystallized" soft songs and from broadcast songs in a number of acoustic traits, suggesting that these songs may transmit less effectively. We tested this prediction in a field experiment by playing broadcast songs, crystallized soft songs, and warbled soft songs through a loudspeaker at the same amplitude and recording the propagated songs at five distances, at two heights, and in two different habitat types. Counter to our prediction, we found no evidence that either form of soft song transmits differently than broadcast song when all were played loudly. If anything, soft songs transmitted more effectively when all songs were played quietly. Our results do not support one prediction made by the eavesdropping avoidance hypothesis, although the possibility remains that reduced amplitude alone is sufficient to reduce eavesdropping. The question of why warbled soft song differs in acoustic structure remains unresolved.
Data from: A nocturnal rail with a simple territorial call eavesdrops on interactions between rivals
The behaviour of most animals has evolved in a communication network environment, in which signals produced by senders are perceived by many intended and unintended receivers. In this study, we tested whether the corncrake (Crex crex), a nocturnal rail species with innate (non-learned) calls, is able to eavesdrop on the interactions of conspecific males and how this eavesdropping affects subsequent responses by the eavesdropper to territorial intrusion. In the first step, simulated aggressive or neutral interactions between male dyads were presented to a focal male. In the second step, the calls of winning, losing or neutral males from the first step were played within the territory of the focal male. We measured behavioural and vocal responses of focal males. We found that corncrakes eavesdropped on signal exchange between rivals. Males often began responding to distant aggressive interactions during the eavesdropping phase, and they responded strongly during the intrusion phase of the experiments. The response was significantly weaker to playback of males from neutral interactions than to those involved in aggressive interactions, and we found no differences between the responses to Winners and Losers entering a focal male territory.
Raw data for: Artificial cells eavesdropping on HepG2 cells
<p><span>Cellular communication between artificial and natural cells are explored by fabricating hydrogel based artificial cells (ACs) that can eavesdrop on liver cells with regards to their cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activity. ACs are capable of eavesdropping on HepG2 cells by releasing D-cysteine and the D-cysteine release from ACs is quantified by colorimetric and luminometric detection. The CYP450 activity of HepG2 cells is evaluated by the production of 2-cyano-6-hydroxybenzothiazole (CHB), which react with D-cysteine to produce D-luciferin. Thereby, the capability of ACs to eavesdrop on HepG2 cells is measured by detecting D-luciferin in the presence of luciferase. The eavesdropping experiment is performed in different experimental set ups, but is centered around the production of D-luciferin due to the production of CHB by HepG2 cells and D-cysteine release from ACs. In addition, bright field microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy was performed to visualize the ACs and aggregates of ACs and HepG2 cells. </span></p> <p><span>Our findings thereby present means of designing communication between AC and mammalian cells. Further, the ACs provides an easily implemented approach to monitor a core hepatic function when co-cultured with hepatocytes.</span></p>
Raw data for: Artificial cells eavesdropping on HepG2 cells
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Data from: A test of the eavesdropping avoidance hypothesis as an explanation for the structure of low amplitude aggressive signals in the song sparrow
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Data from: Risky ripples allow bats and frogs to eavesdrop on a multisensory sexual display
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Prey exploits the auditory illusions of eavesdropping predators
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