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138 results for “eco-evolutionary”
Eco-evolutionary processes underlying early warning signals of population declines
<p>Datasets for the paper appearing in Journal of Animal ecology : "Eco-evolutionary processes underlying early warning signals of population declines". Also GitHub repository link :<a href="https://github.com/GauravKBaruah/ECO-EVO-EWS-DATA">https://github.com/GauravKBaruah/ECO-EVO-EWS-DATA</a></p>
Raw data for: Sex and Power: Sexual dimorphism in trait variability and its eco-evolutionary and statistical implications
<p>This is a dataset obtained from the EBI in August 2018. The full code, analyses and processed data that are associated with the paper that is based on this large dataset can be found here: <a href="https://github.com/itchyshin/mice_sex_diff">https://github.com/itchyshin/mice_sex_diff</a></p> <p> </p>
Eco-evolutionary dynamics of anthelmintic resistance in soil-transmitted helminths
<p>Anthelmintic resistance (AR) of helminth parasites against the most widely available drugs is an ongoing concern for both human and livestock-infecting species. Indeed, there has been substantial evidence of AR in livestock but less in humans, which may be due to a variety of reasons. In this paper, we develop an eco-evolutionary model that couples the life cycle of these parasites with their underlying evolution in a single biallelic genetic locus that confers resistance to treatment drugs. We determine the critical treatment frequency needed to effectively eliminate the population, for a fixed drug efficacy (without evolution) and use this to classify three qualitative distinct behaviors of the eco-evolutionary model. Then, we describe how aspects of the life cycle influence which qualitative outcome is achieved and the spread of the resistance allele, comparing across human- and livestock- infecting species. For all but one species, we find that lower fecundity rates and lower contact rates speed the spread of resistance, while lower larval death slows it down. The life cycle parameters of <em>Ancylostoma duodenale</em> and <em>Ostertagia circumcincta</em> are associated with the fastest and slowest spread of resistance, respectively. We discuss the mechanistic reason for these results.</p>
Eco-evolutionary causes and consequences of rarity in plants: a meta-analysis
<p>Species differ dramatically in their prevalence in the natural world, with many species characterized as rare due to restricted geographic distribution, low local abundance, and/or habitat specialization.</p> <p>We investigated eco-evolutionary causes and consequences of rarity with phylogenetically-controlled meta-analyses of population genetic diversity, fitness, and functional traits in rare and common congeneric plant species. Our syntheses included 252 rare species and 267 common congeners reported in 153 peer-reviewed articles published from 1978-2020 and one manuscript in press.</p> <p>Rare species have reduced population genetic diversity<span>, depressed fitness, and smaller reproductive structures </span>than common congeners. <span>Rare species also could suffer from inbreeding depression and reduced fertilization efficiency.</span></p> <p><span>By limiting their capacity to adapt and migrate, these characteristics could influence contemporary patterns of rarity and increase the susceptibility of rare species to rapid environmental change. We recommend that </span>future studies present more nuanced data on the extent of rarity in focal species, expose rare and common species to ecologically-relevant treatments, including reciprocal transplants, and conduct quantitative genetic and population genomic analyses across a greater array of systems. This research could elucidate the processes that contribute to rarity and generate robust predictions of extinction risks under global change.</p>
Data from: Designing eco-evolutionary experiments for restoration projects: Opportunities and constraints revealed during Stickleback introductions
<p>Eco-evolutionary experiments are typically conducted in semi-unnatural controlled settings, such as mesocosms; yet inferences about how evolution and ecology interact in the real world would surely benefit from experiments in natural uncontrolled settings. Opportunities for such experiments are rare but do arise in the context of restoration ecology – where different "types" of a given species can be introduced into different "replicate" locations. Designing such experiments requires wrestling with consequential questions. Q1. Which specific "types" of a focal species should be introduced to the restoration location? Q2. How many sources of each type should be used – and should they be mixed together? Q3. Which specific source populations should be used? Q4. Which type or population(s) should be introduced into which restoration sites? We recently grappled with these questions when designing an eco-evolutionary experiment with threespine stickleback (<em>Gasterosteus aculeatus</em>) introduced into nine small lakes and ponds on the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska that required restoration. After considering the options at length, we decided to use benthic versus limnetic ecotypes (Q1) from a mixture of four source populations of each ecotype (Q2) selected based on trophic morphology (Q3), and introduced into restoration lakes in a paired design (Q4). We hope that the present paper outlining the alternatives and resulting choices will provide the rationales clear for future studies leveraging our experiment, while also proving useful for investigators considering similar experiments in the future.</p>
Fig. 2 in Untapped potential: The utility of drylands for testing eco-evolutionary relationships between hosts and parasites
Fig. 2. Worldwide endemic and imported cases of (A) cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and (B) viceral leishmaniasis (VL) as of 2018. Warmer colors indicate a higher number of cases reported that year. Source: World Health Organization (2019).
Data from: Building on 150 years of knowledge: the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus as an integrative eco-evolutionary model system
<p><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p>This is a literature database with reference information of all papers that use the freshwater isopod <em>Asellus aquaticus</em>; published between the years 1867 and 2020. This database is intended as a starting point for scientists interested in conducting research on and with this organism. The database is currently only available as a single CSV file; future versions may be made available through a more frequently updated SQL database. The database includes specific information about the subject area and content of each paper, as well as bibliographic information. This repository is associated with the paper "Building on 150 years of knowledge: the freshwater isopod<em> Asellus aquaticus</em> as an integrative eco-evolutionary model system", published in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution.</p> <p><strong>Details on Methods from the electronic supplement:</strong></p> <p>We used the we online search tools of Web of Science (WOS; Clarivate analytics) by searching for the term "asellus aquaticus" in six relevant databases (BIOSIS, CABI, FSTA, Medline, WOS Core Collection and Zoological Records). The database was accessed with a University License (Lund University). We manually downloaded the results and combined them to a single CSV file in Excel (Microsoft). All further processing was done in the statistical programming language R, version 4.0.2 (R Core Team 2020).</p> <p>From the 1238 obtained records we discarded three papers that were published after the year 2020 to work with completed years only. We used the subject areas assigned by WOS to provide an overview of the fields of science in which A. aquaticus has been most studied. Each paper had between one and ten subject areas assigned by WOS (2845 assignments to 1235 papers, meaning 2.3 assignments per paper, on average). To represent these multiple assignments in relation to the actual number of papers per year, we calculated "fractional assignments" by adding up all assignments to a field per year, divided by the total number of assignments in that year, and then multiplied by the number of papers. For example, if there were 12 assignments to "toxicology" in 1993, and 133 assignments in 1993, but only 21 papers published, "toxicology" would get a score of 1.9 papers in 1993 (as calculated by = (12/133)*21). In Figure 1, we represent these "fractional assignments" in the top panel, and the total number of assignments in the lower panel.</p> <p><strong>Caption for figure (1) in publication:</strong></p> <p>FIGURE 1 | Over 150 years of research on and with Asellus aquaticus. The figure summarizes published scientific literature on A. aquaticus. We conducted a quantitative literature survey with the search tools of Web of Science (WOS; Clarivate analytics) by searching for the term "asellus aquaticus" in six databases (i.e., BIOSIS, CABI, FSTA, Medline, WOS Core Collection, and Zoological Records). We found 1235 records, published between 1867 and 2020. (A) The graph shows the number of publications per year within a given subject area, as designated by WOS. (B) The graph shows the total number of publications assigned to a specific subject area. The top 10 fields account for 72.58% of all publications, and are indicated by color coding in A and B (multiple assignments are possible, summing up to 2845 assignments). The inset in B shows a wordcloud with the 100 most used keywords from all A. aquaticus’ publications. Furthermore, we compiled all records with relevant information (e.g., title, keywords, research areas, and abstract) to a single file which is available online. More details can be found in the Supplementary Material.</p>
Data for: Eco-evolutionary consequences of dispersal syndromes during colonization in a passerine bird
<p>In most animal species, dispersing individuals possess phenotypic attributes that mitigate the costs of colonization and/or increase settlement success in new areas ('dispersal syndromes'). This phenotypic integration likely affects population dynamics and the direction of selection, but data are lacking for natural populations. Using an approach that combines population dynamics, quantitative genetics and phenotypic selection analyses, we reveal the existence of dispersal syndromes in a pied flycatcher (<em>Ficedula</em> <em>hypoleuca</em>) population in The Netherlands: immigrants were larger, tended to have darker plumage, bred earlier and produced larger clutches than local recruits, and some of these traits were genetically correlated. Over time, the phenotypic profile of the population gradually changed: each generation advanced arrival and breeding and exhibited longer wings as the result of direct and indirect selection on these correlated traits. Although phenotypic attributes of immigrants were favored by selection during the early phase of colonization, observed phenotypic changes were similar for immigrants and local recruits. We propose that immigrants facilitated initial population establishment but that temporal changes likely resulted from climate change-induced large-scale selection. This study highlights that newly established populations are of non-random composition and that phenotypic architecture affects evolutionary population trajectories. </p>
Data from: A stabilizing eco-evolutionary feedback loop in the wild
<p><span>Eco-evolutionary dynamics are predicted to involve feedback loops, where ecological changes driven by rapid evolution feed back to shape further evolution. However, direct experimental evidence for such loops in the wild is lacking. Here, we show that eco-evolutionary dynamics in a plant-feeding arthropod community involve a negative feedback loop. Specifically, adaptation in cryptic coloration in an abundant stick-insect species mediates bird predation, with local maladaptation increasing predation. In turn, the abundance of arthropods is reduced by predation. Here, we experimentally manipulate arthropod abundance to show that these community-level changes feedback to affect stick-insect evolution. Specifically, low arthropod abundance increases the strength of selection on crypsis, increasing local adaptation of stick insects in a negative feedback loop. Our results suggest that eco-evolutionary feedbacks are able to stabilize complex systems by preventing consistent directional change and therefore increasing resilience.</span></p>
Eco-evolutionary causes and consequences of rarity in plants: a meta-analysis
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Eco-evolutionary dynamics of anthelmintic resistance in soil-transmitted helminths
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Data from: A stabilizing eco-evolutionary feedback loop in the wild
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Data for: Eco-evolutionary consequences of dispersal syndromes during colonization in a passerine bird
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Data from: Designing eco-evolutionary experiments for restoration projects: Opportunities and constraints revealed during Stickleback introductions
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Data for: Eco-evolutionary interactions with multiple evolving species reveal both antagonistic and additive effects
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Data from: Interplay of trophic relaxation and directional selection shapes eco-evolutionary responses to selective harvest in predator-prey systems
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Data from: How Bank Vole-PUUV Interactions Influence the Eco-Evolutionary Processes Driving Nephropathia Epidemica Epidemiology—An Experimental and Genomic Approach
<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>In Europe, Puumala virus (PUUV) is responsible for nephropathia epidemica (NE), a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Despite the presence of its reservoir, the bank vole, on most of French territory, the geographic distribution of NE cases is heterogeneous and NE endemic and non-endemic areas have been reported. In this study we analyzed whether bank vole-PUUV interactions could partly shape these epidemiological differences. We performed crossed-experimental infections using wild bank voles from French endemic (Ardennes) and non-endemic (Loiret) areas and two French PUUV strains isolated from these areas. The serological response and dynamics of PUUV infection were compared between the four cross-infection combinations. Due to logistical constraints, this study was based on a small number of animals. Based on this experimental design, we saw a stronger serological response and presence of PUUV in excretory organs (bladder) in bank voles infected with the PUUV endemic strain. Moreover, the within-host viral diversity in excretory organs seemed to be higher than in other non-excretory organs for the NE endemic cross-infection but not for the NE non-endemic cross-infection. Despite the small number of rodents included, our results showed that genetically different PUUV strains and in a lesser extent their interaction with sympatric bank voles, could affect virus replication and diversity. This could impact PUUV excretion/transmission between rodents and to humans and in turn at least partly shape NE epidemiology in France.</p>
Individual variability and versatility in an eco-evolutionary model of avian migration
<p>Seasonal migration is a complex and variable behavior with the potential to promote reproductive isolation. In Eurasian blackcaps (<em>Sylvia atricapilla</em>), a migratory divide in central Europe separating populations with southwest and southeast autumn routes may facilitate isolation, and individuals using new wintering areas in Britain show divergence from Mediterranean winterers. We tracked 100 blackcaps in the wild to characterize these strategies. Blackcaps to the west and east of the divide used predominantly SW and SE directions, respectively, but close to the contact zone many individuals took intermediate (S) routes. At 14.0ºE, we documented a sharp transition from SW to SE migratory directions across only 27 (10–86) km, implying a strong selection gradient across the divide. Blackcaps wintering in Britain took northwesterly migration routes from continental European breeding grounds. They originated from a surprisingly extensive area, spanning 2000 km of the breeding range. British winterers bred in sympatry with SW-bound migrants but arrived 9.8 days earlier on the breeding grounds, suggesting some potential for assortative mating by timing. Overall, our data reveal complex variation in songbird migration and suggest that selection can maintain variation in migration direction across short distances while enabling the spread of a novel strategy across a wide range.</p>
Trophic cascades alter eco-evolutionary dynamics and body size evolution
<p><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span>Trait evolution in predator-prey systems can feed back to the dynamics of interacting species as well as cascade to impact the dynamics of indirectly linked species (eco-evolutionary trophic cascades; EETC). A key mediator of trophic cascades is body mass, as it both strongly influences and evolves in response to predator-prey interactions. Here we use Gillespie Eco-Evolutionary Models to explore EETCs resulting from top predator loss and mediated by body mass evolution. Our four trophic level food chain model uses allometric scaling to link body mass to different functions (ecological pleiotropy) and is realistically parameterized from the FORAGE database to mimic the parameter space of a typical freshwater system. To track real-time changes in selective pressures, we also calculated fitness gradients for each trophic level. As predicted, top predator loss generated alternating shifts in abundance across trophic levels, and depending on the nature and strength in changes to fitness gradients, also altered trajectories of body mass evolution. Although more distantly linked, changes in the abundance of top predators still affected the eco-evolutionary dynamics of the basal producers, in part because of their relatively short generation times. Overall, our results suggest that impacts on top predators can set off transient eco-evolutionary trophic cascades with the potential for widespread indirect impacts on food webs.</span></span></p>
Data from: Eco-evolutionary feedbacks predict the time course of rapid life history evolution
Organisms can change their environment and, in so doing, change the selection they experience and how they evolve. Population density is one potential mediator of such interactions because high population densities can impact the ecosystem and reduce resource availability. At present, such interactions are best known from theory and laboratory experiments. Here we quantify the importance of such interactions in nature by transplanting guppies from a stream where they co-occur with predators into tributaries that previously lacked both guppies and predators. If guppies evolve solely because of the immediate reduction in mortality rate, the strength of selection and rate of evolution should be greatest at the outset then decline as the population adapts to its new environment. If indirect effects caused by the increase in guppy population density in the absence of predation prevail, then there should be a lag in guppy evolution because time is required for them to modify their environment. The duration of this lag is predicted to be associated with the environmental modification caused by guppies. We observed a lag in life history evolution associated with increases in population density and altered ecology. How guppies evolved matched predictions derived from evolutionary theory that incorporates such density effects.
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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