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41 results for “eco-evolutionary dynamics”
Eco-evolutionary dynamics of anthelmintic resistance in soil-transmitted helminths
<p>Anthelmintic resistance (AR) of helminth parasites against the most widely available drugs is an ongoing concern for both human and livestock-infecting species. Indeed, there has been substantial evidence of AR in livestock but less in humans, which may be due to a variety of reasons. In this paper, we develop an eco-evolutionary model that couples the life cycle of these parasites with their underlying evolution in a single biallelic genetic locus that confers resistance to treatment drugs. We determine the critical treatment frequency needed to effectively eliminate the population, for a fixed drug efficacy (without evolution) and use this to classify three qualitative distinct behaviors of the eco-evolutionary model. Then, we describe how aspects of the life cycle influence which qualitative outcome is achieved and the spread of the resistance allele, comparing across human- and livestock- infecting species. For all but one species, we find that lower fecundity rates and lower contact rates speed the spread of resistance, while lower larval death slows it down. The life cycle parameters of <em>Ancylostoma duodenale</em> and <em>Ostertagia circumcincta</em> are associated with the fastest and slowest spread of resistance, respectively. We discuss the mechanistic reason for these results.</p>
Eco-evolutionary dynamics of anthelmintic resistance in soil-transmitted helminths
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Trophic cascades alter eco-evolutionary dynamics and body size evolution
<p><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span>Trait evolution in predator-prey systems can feed back to the dynamics of interacting species as well as cascade to impact the dynamics of indirectly linked species (eco-evolutionary trophic cascades; EETC). A key mediator of trophic cascades is body mass, as it both strongly influences and evolves in response to predator-prey interactions. Here we use Gillespie Eco-Evolutionary Models to explore EETCs resulting from top predator loss and mediated by body mass evolution. Our four trophic level food chain model uses allometric scaling to link body mass to different functions (ecological pleiotropy) and is realistically parameterized from the FORAGE database to mimic the parameter space of a typical freshwater system. To track real-time changes in selective pressures, we also calculated fitness gradients for each trophic level. As predicted, top predator loss generated alternating shifts in abundance across trophic levels, and depending on the nature and strength in changes to fitness gradients, also altered trajectories of body mass evolution. Although more distantly linked, changes in the abundance of top predators still affected the eco-evolutionary dynamics of the basal producers, in part because of their relatively short generation times. Overall, our results suggest that impacts on top predators can set off transient eco-evolutionary trophic cascades with the potential for widespread indirect impacts on food webs.</span></span></p>
Synthetic eco-evolutionary dynamics in simple molecular environment
<p>The understanding of eco-evolutionary dynamics, and in particular the mechanism of emergence of species, is still fragmentary and in need of test bench model systems. To this aim, we developed a variant of SELEX in-vitro selection to study the evolution of a population of ∼ 10^15 single-strand DNA oligonucleotide 'individuals'. We begin with a seed of random sequences which we select via affinity capture from ∼ 10^12 DNA oligomers of fixed sequence ('resources') over which they compete. At each cycle ('generation'), the ecosystem is replenished via PCR amplification of survivors. Massive parallel sequencing indicates that across generations the variety of sequences ('species') drastically decreases, while some of them become populous and dominate the ecosystem. The simplicity of our approach, in which survival is granted by hybridization, enables a quantitative investigation of fitness through a statistical analysis of binding energies. We find that the strength of individual-resource binding dominates the selection in the first generations, while inter and intra-individual interactions becomes important in later stages, in parallel with the emergence of prototypical forms of mutualism and parasitism.</p>
Eco-evolutionary dynamics modulate plant responses to global change depending on plant diversity and species identity
Global change has dramatic impacts on grassland diversity. However, little is known about how fast species can adapt to diversity loss and how this affects their responses to global change. Here, we performed a common garden experiment testing whether plant responses to global change are influenced by their selection history and the conditioning history of soil at different plant diversity levels. Using seeds of four grass species and soil samples from a 14-year-old biodiversity experiment, we grew the offspring of the plants either in their own soil or in soil of a different community, and exposed them either to drought, increased nitrogen input, or a combination of both. Under nitrogen addition, offspring of plants selected at high diversity produced more biomass than those selected at low diversity, while drought neutralized differences in biomass production. Moreover, under the influence of global change drivers, soil history, and to a lesser extent plant history, had species-specific effects on trait expression. Our results show that plant diversity modulates plant-soil interactions and growth strategies of plants, which in turn affects plant eco-evolutionary pathways. How this change affects species' response to global change and whether this can cause a feedback loop should be investigated in more detail in future studies.
Summary data for plots in: Eco-evolutionary extinction and recolonization dynamics reduce genetic load and increase time to extinction in highly inbred populations
<p>Understanding how genetic and ecological effects can interact to shape genetic loads within and across local populations is key to understanding ongoing persistence of systems that should otherwise be susceptible to extinction through mutational meltdown. Classic theory predicts short persistence times for metapopulations comprising small local populations with low connectivity, due to accumulation of deleterious mutations. Yet, some such systems have persisted over evolutionary time, implying the existence of mechanisms that allow metapopulations to avoid mutational meltdown. We first hypothesize a mechanism by which the combination of stochasticity in the numbers and types of mutations arising locally (genetic stochasticity), resulting in local extinction and recolonization through evolving dispersal, facilitates metapopulation persistence. We then test this mechanism using a spatially and genetically explicit individual-based model. We show that genetic stochasticity in highly structured metapopulations can result in local extinctions, which can favour increased dispersal, thus allowing recolonization of empty habitat patches. This causes fluctuations in metapopulation size and transient gene flow, which reduces genetic load and increases metapopulation persistence over evolutionary time. Our suggested mechanism and simulation results provide an explanation for the conundrum presented by the continued persistence of highly structured populations with inbreeding mating systems that occur in diverse taxa.</p>
Data and Code for: An Experimental Test of Eco-evolutionary Dynamics on Rocky Shores
<p><span>Abstract: </span></p> <p><span>Despite a growing body of theoretical studies and laboratory experiments that have brought attention to the reciprocal impacts that ecological and evolutionary processes can have on one another, few studies have tested the importance of eco-evolutionary feedbacks in natural communities. We examined whether selection on natural phenotypic variation in a population of drilling dogwhelks (<em>Nucella canaliculata</em>) could impact rocky shore community dynamics. We performed a selection experiment raising newly-hatched dogwhelks on four diet treatments, reflecting natural variation in the abundance and shell thickness of prey species. Adult dogwhelks were tested in the laboratory on their ability to drill thick-shelled mussels. In addition, snails were outplanted to field cages to track the effects of dogwhelk phenotype on mussel bed succession. Despite our laboratory experiments suggesting that prey can impose selection and result in divergent consumer traits, successional patterns differed minimally based on the early-life diet of the dogwhelks.</span></p>
Dispersal, habitat filtering, and eco-evolutionary dynamics as drivers of local and global wetland viral biogeography
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Synthetic eco-evolutionary dynamics in simple molecular environment
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Data from: Eco-evolutionary dynamics in the wild: clonal turnover and stability in Daphnia populations
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Data from: Eco-evolutionary metapopulation dynamics of Batesian mimicry: Conditions for mimics without models
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Eco-evolutionary dynamics modulate plant responses to global change depending on plant diversity and species identity
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Summary data for plots in: Eco-evolutionary extinction and recolonization dynamics reduce genetic load and increase time to extinction in highly inbred populations
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Trophic cascades alter eco-evolutionary dynamics and body size evolution
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Data from: Demography-dispersal trait correlations modify the eco-evolutionary dynamics of range expansion
Spreading populations are subject to evolutionary processes acting on dispersal and reproduction that can increase invasion speed and variability. It is typically assumed that dispersal and demography traits evolve independently, but abundant evidence points to correlations between them that may be positive or negative, genetic or environmental. We sought to understand how demography-dispersal correlations modify the eco-evolutionary dynamics of range expansion. We first explored this question with the beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, a laboratory model in which evolutionary acceleration of invasion has been demonstrated. We then built a simulation model to explore the role of trait correlations in this system and more generally. We found that positive correlations amplify the positive influence of evolution on speed and variability, while negative correlations (such as we found empirically) constrain that influence. Strong negative genetic correlations can even cause evolution to decelerate invasion. Heritable and environmental correlations had similar effects on some measures of invasion but different effects on others. Model results enabled us to retrospectively explain invasion dynamics and trait evolution in C. maculatus, and may similarly aid the interpretation of other field and laboratory studies. Non-independence of demography and dispersal is an important consideration for understanding and predicting outcomes of range expansion.
The dataset of the role of dormant propagule banks in shaping eco-evolutionary dynamics of community assembly
<p>Here is the dataset of the simulation data of the role of dormant propagule banks in shaping eco-evolutionary dynamics of community assembly. </p>
Climate change reshapes the eco-evolutionary dynamics of a Neotropical seed dispersal system
<p><b>Aim</b>: Global changes will redistribute biodiversity, reshaping ecological interactions and ecosystem processes. The distribution decoupling of plants and their mutualistic seed dispersers, for instance, may have overlooked eco-evolutionary effects. How animal-dispersed plants will respond to changes in the distribution of their seed dispersers is, however, an open question. Here, we forecast the consequences of climate change and frugivory interactions for the spatial distribution and seed size evolution of a Neotropical palm.</p> <p><b>Location</b>: Atlantic forests of South America</p> <p><b>Time period</b>: Present day, end of 21st Century</p> <p><b>Major taxa studied: </b>Thirty-two species of frugivorous birds, and a palm (<i>Euterpe edulis</i>). </p> <p><b>Methods</b>: Future patterns of animal-plant co-occurrence were derived from ecological niche models, climate forecasts, projections of future forest loss, and seed dispersal simulations. We further explored the evolutionary effect of the spatial reorganization of interactions by modelling palm seed sizes as function of changes in the distribution of frugivore traits.</p> <p><b>Results</b>: Our models indicate that future climate change and deforestation may reduce the palm's suitable distribution by 20-50%. However, our simulations suggest that 66% of all remaining future suitable distribution (76.200 km²) would still be inaccessible to the palm without the active dispersal of seeds by frugivores. In addition, novel frugivore communities are projected to have smaller body mass and gape size (-23% and -10%, respectively), due to the loss of large frugivores, which may translate into a 6–17% reduction of seed sizes across the palm's remaining distribution.</p> <p><b>Main conclusion</b>: Our projections indicate that frugivore seed dispersal may be critical to allow occupancy of future habitat by the studied plant. However, loss of large frugivores may affect trait selection regimes, creating hotspots of plant evolution towards smaller seeds. We argue that such complex dynamics from species-specific responses to global change may drive the distribution and evolution of several interacting partners worldwide.</p>
Code from: A theoretical framework for trait-based eco-evolutionary dynamics: population structure, intraspecific variation, and community assembly
<p>How is trait diversity in a community apportioned between and within co-evolving species? Disruptive selection may result in either a few species with large intraspecific trait variation (ITV) or many species with different mean traits but little ITV. Similar questions arise in spatially structured communities: heterogeneous environments could result in either a few species that exhibit local adaptation or many species with different mean traits but little local adaptation. To date, theory has been well-equipped to either include ITV or to dynamically determine the number of coexisting species, but not both. Here, we devise a theoretical framework that combines these facets, and apply it to the above questions of how trait variation is apportioned within and between species in unstructured and structured populations, using two simple models of Lotka-Volterra competition. For unstructured communities, we find that as the breadth of the resource spectrum increases, ITV goes from being unimportant to crucial for characterizing the community. For spatially structured communities on two patches, we find no local adaptation, symmetric local adaptation, or asymmetric local adaptation depending on how much the patches differ. Our framework provides a general approach to incorporate ITV in models of eco-evolutionary community assembly.</p>
Data from: Eco-evolutionary dynamics in urbanized landscapes: evolution, species sorting and the change in zooplankton body size along urbanization gradients
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Climate change reshapes the eco-evolutionary dynamics of a Neotropical seed dispersal system
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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