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197 results for “ecological adaptation”
Explosive networking: the role of adaptive host radiations and ecological opportunity in a species-rich host-parasite assembly
<p>Dataset for Cruz-Laufer et al. (2021) Explosive networking: the role of adaptive host radiations and ecological opportunity in a species-rich host-parasite assembly.</p> <p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Many species-rich ecological communities emerge from adaptive radiation events. The effects of this explosive speciation on community assembly remain poorly understood. Here, we explore the well-documented radiations of African cichlid fishes and their interactions with the flatworm gill parasites <em>Cichlidogyrus </em>spp., including 10529 reported infections and 477 different host-parasite combinations collected through a survey of peer-reviewed literature. We assess how evolutionary, ecological, and morphological parameters determine host-parasite meta-communities affected by adaptive radiation events through network metrics, host repertoire measures, and network link prediction. The hosts’ evolutionary history mostly determined host repertoires of the parasites. Ecological and evolutionary parameters determined host-parasite interactions. Generally, ecological opportunity and fitting have shaped cichlid-<em>Cichlidogyrus</em> meta-communities suggesting an invasive potential for hosts used in aquaculture. Meta-communities affected by adaptive radiations are increasingly specialised with higher environmental stability. These trends should be verified across other systems to infer generalities in the evolution of species-rich host-parasite networks.</p>
Data from: Padfield et al. (2016) Rapid evolution of metabolic traits explains thermal adaptation in phytoplankton. Ecology letters.
<p>This repository provides the data from the TPC and logistic growth curves from the paper:</p> <p>Padfield, D., Yvon‐Durocher, G., Buckling, A., Jennings, S., & Yvon‐Durocher, G. (2016). Rapid evolution of metabolic traits explains thermal adaptation in phytoplankton. Ecology letters, 19(2), 133-142.</p> <p>metadata.pdf gives a more detailed explanation of the data.</p>
Relyea, R. A. 2001. The lasting effects of adaptive plasticity: Predator-induced tadpoles become long-legged frogs. Ecology 82:1947-1955.
Changes in environmental conditions often alter the traits of individuals; however, we have a poor understanding of how changes in phenotypically plastic traits early in development may affect traits later in life. Such effects are of particular interest in organisms with complex life cycles in which early and late life stages can have drastically different morphologies and occupy different habitats. In this study, I examined how differences in the mass, morphology, and larval period of wood frog tadpoles (Rana sylvatica) subsequently affected the mass and morphology of metamorphic frogs. I found three major patterns: (1) larval mass and larval period were positively related to metamorphic mass; (2) larval period was positively related to metamorph hindlimb and forelimb length and negatively related to metamorph body width; and (3) larval body length was positively related to metamorph forelimb size. I then used these correlations to interpret the connection between the traits of predator-induced tadpoles and the subsequent traits of metamorphic frogs. Tadpoles reared with caged predators (aeshnid dragonflies) developed relatively deeper tail fins and had shorter bodies, lower mass, and longer developmental times than tadpoles reared without predators. Metamorphs emerging from larval predator environments exhibited no differences in mass but developed relatively large hindlimbs and forelimbs and narrower bodies than metamorphs emerging from predator-free larval environments. These differences arose primarily due to predator-induced changes in larval development time and not due to the predator-induced changes in larval morphology. By focusing on a large number of traits and a wide range of trait values, one can readily generate predictions about how a variety of environments, which alter traits early in development, can subsequently alter traits later in development.
Silene seeds from the Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Adaptation, University of Lodz (Poland)
<p>Seeds of <em>Silene </em>for the analysis of morphology (Martín Gómez et al.) obtained from the Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Adaptation, University of Lodz (Poland)Photos contains 40 seeds of:</p> <p><em>S. dioica</em>; <em>S. latifolia</em>; <em>S. latifolia</em> ssp. <em>alba </em>(x2); <em>S. mellifera</em>; <em>S. nutans </em>ssp.<em> dubia; S. uniflora.</em></p>
Data from: Gene flow, ancient polymorphism, and ecological adaptation shape the genomic landscape of divergence among Darwin's finches
Genomic comparisons of closely related species have identified "islands" of locally elevated sequence divergence. Genomic islands may contain functional variants involved in local adaptation or reproductive isolation and may therefore play an important role in the speciation process. However, genomic islands can also arise through evolutionary processes unrelated to speciation, and examination of their properties can illuminate how new species evolve. Here, we performed scans for regions of high relative divergence (FST) in 12 species pairs of Darwin's finches at different genetic distances. In each pair, we identify genomic islands that are, on average, elevated in both relative divergence (FST) and absolute divergence (dXY). This signal indicates that haplotypes within these genomic regions became isolated from each other earlier than the rest of the genome. Interestingly, similar numbers of genomic islands of elevated dXY are observed in sympatric and allopatric species pairs, suggesting that recent gene flow is not a major factor in their formation. We find that two of the most pronounced genomic islands contain the ALX1 and HMGA2 loci, which are associated with variation in beak shape and size, respectively, suggesting that they are involved in ecological adaptation. A subset of genomic island regions, including these loci, appears to represent anciently diverged haplotypes that evolved early during the radiation of Darwin's finches. Comparative genomics data indicate that these loci, and genomic islands in general, have exceptionally low recombination rates, which may play a role in their establishment.
Data from: The spotted parrotfish genome provides evolutionary insight into the ecological adaptation of a keystone dietary specialist
<p>With over 600 valid species, the wrasses (family Labridae) are among the largest and most successful of the marine teleosts. They feature prominently on coral reefs where they are known not only for their impressive diversity in colouration and form, but also in their functional specialization and ability to occupy a wide variety of trophic guilds. Among the wrasses, the parrotfishes (tribe Scarini) display some one of the most dramatic examples of trophic specialization. Using abrasion-resistant biomineralized teeth, parrotfishes are able to mechanically extract protein-rich micro-photoautotrophs growing in and amongst reef carbonate material, a dietary niche that is inaccessible to most other teleost fishes. This ability to exploit an otherwise untapped trophic resource is thought to have played a role in the diversification and evolutionary success of the parrotfishes. In order to better understand the key evolutionary innovations leading to the success of these dietary specialists, we sequenced and analysed the genome of a representative species, the spotted parrotfish (<em>Cetoscarus ocellatus</em>). We find significant expansion, selection, and duplication within several detoxification gene families and a novel poly-glutamine expansion in the enamel protein ameloblastin, and we consider their evolutionary implications. Our genome provides a useful resource for comparative genomic studies investigating the evolutionary history of this highly specialized teleostean radiation.</p>
Disentangling the multiple drivers of ecological adaptation in a microorganism
<p>The survival and reproduction of living organisms depend on their ability to achieve an adequate balance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Multiple quantities contribute to this energetic balance, such as the feeding rate, and the allocation of available energy to growth, maintenance, movement, and reproduction. Given that many of these quantities scale in a predictable way with the size of the organism and with environmental parameters, it should be possible to predict how organisms may adapt to novel environmental conditions in terms of adjusting their morphology, physiology, and behaviour. In a series of experiments, we adapted axenic experimental populations of the ciliate <em>Tetrahymena pyriformis</em> to different environmental conditions of temperature (15°C, 20°C and 25°C) and resource levels (50%, 100%, and 200% of a standard protein solution). We measured population growth, metabolic rate (from respiration), cell size, and movement speed (from video-tracking). On a very short time scale, movement speed and metabolic rate increased with environmental temperature in a way that can be predicted from simple physical scaling relations such as the Boltzmann-Arrhenius equation and the `viscous drag' impacting movement. However, soon after the introduction of <em>Tetrahymena</em> into a novel environment, all the measured quantities were further modulated in a direction that likely provided better biological fitness in the new environment. Changes in cell size played a central role in mediating these adaptations: in small organisms with short generation times, cell size regulations can be a fast and effective way to mediate environmental adaptation by simultaneously affecting multiple phenotypic traits, such as metabolic rate and the energetic costs of movement.</p>
Fig. 1 in Functional And Ecological Adaptations Of Several Acaridid Mite Species (Acariformes, Astigmata) For Feeding On Stored Produce
Fig. 1. Cluster analysis of similarity of acaridid complexes in studied substrates (Ward's method, correlation coefficient 0.5844).
Dataset for study: Adaptive Hip Exoskeleton Control using Heart Rate Feedback Reduces Oxygen Cost during Ecological Locomotion
<p>This record contains the dataset for a manuscript currently under preparation and submission. See the description PDF file for more details. The information here will be updated according to the progress in the peer review and publication procedure.</p>
Fig. 3 in Ecology Of The Cold-Adapted Species Nebria Germari (Coleoptera: Carabidae): The Role Of Supraglacial Stony Debris As Refugium During The Current Interglacial Period
Fig. 3. Sampling data are expressed as average Activity Density (AD: number of individuals per day of trap activity). Whiskers represent standard deviation
Fig. 1 in Ecology Of The Cold-Adapted Species Nebria Germari (Coleoptera: Carabidae): The Role Of Supraglacial Stony Debris As Refugium During The Current Interglacial Period
Fig. 1. Map with the position of the two sampling sites (Agola and Sorapiss). At the top left, a picture of N. germari taken on Sorapiss. (Photo by D. Dalpiaz and F. Pupin/ Archive MUSE)
Fig. 3 in Adaptations, life-history traits and ecological mechanisms of parasites to survive extremes and environmental unpredictability in the face of climate change
Fig. 3. Flow chart outlining factors that can influence the response of parasites to climate change.
Code Appendix: Do Seed Dispersal Strategies Reflect Adaptation to Environmental Variability? Functional Ecology, 2023
<p>This code appendix contains all of the R code and data for the manuscript:<br> <br> Van Den Elzen, C. L., N. Sigman, and N. C. Emery. 2023. Do Seed Dispersal Strategies Reflect Adaptation to Environmental Variability?. Functional Ecology (Manuscript ID: FE-2022-00850).<br> <br> Abstract: </p> <p>1. Dispersal is one of the primary mechanisms by which organisms adapt to spatial and temporal variation in the environment. Theory predicts that increasing spatiotemporal variation drives selection for offspring dispersal away from their natal habitat and one another. However, due to inherent difficulties in measuring dispersal in plant systems, there are few empirical tests of the extent to which this hypothesis can explain variation in seed dispersal strategies.</p> <p>2. In this study, we characterized and compared the dispersal patterns of three closely related plant species that segregate across gradients in spatiotemporal variation in seasonal wetlands.</p> <p>3. We tracked individual seeds as they dispersed in their natural habitats to measure seed dispersal distance (the distance traveled from the maternal plant) and inter-seed spread (distances between dispersed seeds), and to identify the plant traits causing within-species variation in seed dispersal. We also evaluated the seed traits causing within-species variation in seed flight distance and terminal velocity in a wind tunnel and a drop tube, respectively.</p> <p>4. We found that average seed dispersal distance was lowest in the species that occupies the most spatiotemporally variable habitat, contradicting our predictions; however, inter-seed spread was lowest in the species from the least variable habitat, which aligned with our expectations.</p> <p>5. The maternal plant and seed traits explaining intraspecific variation in seed dispersal varied among species as well as the method used to measure dispersal potential. Two traits had non-intuitive effects on dispersal, including pappus size, which reduced seed flight distance in two of the focal taxa.</p> <p>6. Overall, our results indicate that the differences we detected in seed dispersal among three closely related plant taxa can be only partially explained by current patterns of environmental variability in their respective habitats, and that the traits driving within species variation in seed dispersal can evolve rapidly and change with the environmental context in which they are measured.</p>
Data from: Gene flow, ancient polymorphism, and ecological adaptation shape the genomic landscape of divergence among Darwin's finches
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: The spotted parrotfish genome provides evolutionary insight into the ecological adaptation of a keystone dietary specialist
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Persistence of the ecological niche in pond damselflies underlies a stable adaptive zone despite varying selection
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: The temporal window of ecological adaptation in postglacial lakes: a comparison of head morphology, trophic position and habitat use in Norwegian threespine stickleback populations
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Loss of ecologically important genetic variation in late generation hybrids reveals links between adaptation and speciation
Adaptation to contrasting environments occurs when advantageous alleles accumulate in each population, but it remains largely unknown whether these same advantageous alleles create genetic incompatibilities that can cause intrinsic reproductive isolation leading to speciation. Identifying alleles that underlie both adaptation and reproductive isolation is further complicated by factors such as dominance and genetic interactions among loci, which can affect both processes differently and obscure potential links between adaptation and speciation. Here, we use a combination of field and glasshouse experiments to explore the connection between adaptation and speciation while accounting for dominance and genetic interactions. We created a hybrid population with equal contributions from four contrasting ecotypes of Senecio lautus (Asteraceae), which produced hybrid genomes both before (F1 hybrid generation) and after (F4 hybrid generation) recombination among the parental ecotypes. In the glasshouse, plants in the second generation (F2 hybrid generation) showed reduced fitness as a loss of fertility, but fertility was recovered in subsequent generations suggesting that genetic variation underlying fertility reduction was lost in subsequent generations. To quantify the effects of losing genetic variation at the F2 generation on the fitness of later generation hybrids, we used a reciprocal transplant to test for fitness differences between parental ecotypes, and F1 and F4 hybrids in all four parental habitats. Compared to the parental ecotypes and F1 hybrids, variance in F4 hybrid fitness was lower, and lowest in habitats that showed stronger native-ecotype advantage, suggesting that stronger natural selection for the native ecotype reduced fitness variation in the F4 hybrids. Fitness trade-offs that were present in the parental ecotypes and F1 hybrids were absent in the F4 hybrid. Together, these results suggest that the genetic variation lost after the F2 generation was likely associated with both adaptation and intrinsic reproductive isolation among populations adapted to contrasting environments.
Data from: Cranial evolution in the extinct Rodrigues Island owl Otus murivorus (Strigidae), associated with unexpected ecological adaptations
<p>Island birds that were victim of anthropic extinctions were often more specialist species, having evolved their most distinctive features in isolation. Here we studied a fossil cranium of the 'giant' extinct scops owl <i>Otus murivorus</i> from Rodrigues Island (Mascarene Islands, southwestern Indian Ocean), to determine any potential unique characters. The fossil and extant strigids were imaged through x-ray microtomography, providing 3D views of external and internal (endocast, inner ear) cranial structures. Geometric morphometrics and analyses of traditional measurements yielded new information about the Rodrigues owl's evolution and ecology. <i>Otus murivorus </i>exhibits a 2-tier "lag behind" phenomenon for cranium and brain evolution, both being proportionately small relative to increased body size. It also had a much more developed olfactory bulb than congeners, indicating an unexpectedly developed olfactory sense, suggesting a partial food scavenging habit. In addition, <i>O. murivorus </i>had the eyes placed more laterally than <i>O. sunia</i>, the species from which it was derived, probably a side effect of a small brain; rather terrestrial habits; probably relatively fearless behavior; and a less vertical posture (head less upright) than other owls (this in part an allometric effect of size increase). These evolutionary features, added to gigantism and wing reduction, make the extinct Rodrigues owl's evolution remarkable, and with multiple causes.</p>
Data from: Parallel changes in gut microbiome composition and function during colonization, local adaptation and ecological speciation
<p>The processes of local adaptation and ecological speciation are often strongly shaped by biotic interactions such as competition and predation. One of the strongest lines of evidence that biotic interactions drive evolution comes from repeated divergence of lineages in association with repeated changes in the community of interacting species. Yet, relatively little is known about the repeatability of changes in gut microbial communities and their role in adaptation and divergence of host populations in nature. Here we utilize three cases of rapid, parallel adaptation and speciation in freshwater threespine stickleback to test for parallel changes in associated gut microbiomes. We find that features of the gut microbial communities have shifted repeatedly in the same direction in association with parallel divergence and speciation of stickleback hosts. These results suggest that changes to gut microbiomes can occur rapidly and predictably in conjunction with host evolution, and that host-microbe interactions might play an important role in host adaptation and diversification.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.