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36 results for “ecological character”
Text-fig. 9. Phylogenetic tree indicating the number of required character state changes (steps) under parsimony for various positions of Miranthus gen. nov. in a molecular based backbone tree (see material and methods for additional details). in Early Flowers Of Primuloid Ericales From The Late Cretaceous Of Portugal And Their Ecological And Phytogeographic Implications
Text-fig. 9. Phylogenetic tree indicating the number of required character state changes (steps) under parsimony for various positions of Miranthus gen. nov. in a molecular based backbone tree (see material and methods for additional details).
Fig. 3 in Phylogeny of Maculinea blues (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on morphological and ecological characters: evolution of parasitic myrmecophily
Fig. 3. One of the four equally most parsimonious trees (length 306, CI 0.33, RI 0.63; chosen at random: individual source trees differ only in position of terminals within Phengaris, M. teleius and M. alcon group: see Fig. 2), with character states that support individual clades. Nonhomoplastic autapomorphies are black, homoplastic apomorphies white. Numbers above branches refer to characters, numbers below branches to character states (see Appendix 1 for character descriptions).
Fig. 4 in Phylogeny of Maculinea blues (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on morphological and ecological characters: evolution of parasitic myrmecophily
Fig. 4. Evolution of the life history traits of Maculinea butterflies and their relatives. Only the species for which states of all relevant characters are reliably well-known are included (see Table 1), but the overall topology of the tree including all terminals (Figs 2 & 3) is preserved. (A) Myrmecophily. M. nausithous is optimized as a modified predatory species (see ''Evolution of life histories''). (B) Host plants and habitat associations. Rosids and asterids are two well-supported clades of eudicot angiosperm plants (see Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2003): Fabaceae and Rosaceae are included in the former, Lamiaceae, Gentianaceae, and Campanulaceae in the latter. In some cases, character-state optimization is derived from the all-species tree (Fig. 3).
Fig. 1 in Phylogeny of Maculinea blues (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on morphological and ecological characters: evolution of parasitic myrmecophily
Fig. 1. System of coding of wing pattern traits used in the phylogenetic study of Maculinea and their relatives.
Fig. 2 in Phylogeny of Maculinea blues (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on morphological and ecological characters: evolution of parasitic myrmecophily
Fig. 2. Strict consensus of the four equally most parsimonious trees (length 306, CI 0.33, RI 0.63) showing proposed phylogenetic relationships within the ''Glaucopsyche-section'' of Lycaenidae: Polyommatini. Bootstrap and Bremer support are shown above and below the nodes, respectively.
Data from: Ecological sorting and character displacement contribute to the structure of communities of Clarkia species
Despite long‐standing interest in the evolutionary ecology of plants that share pollinators, few studies have explored how these interactions may affect communities during both community assembly (ecological sorting) and through ongoing, in situ evolution (character displacement), and how the effects of these interactions may change with community context. To determine if communities display patterns consistent with ecological sorting, we assessed the frequency of co‐occurrence of four species of Clarkia in the southern Sierra foothills (Kern County, CA, USA). To investigate potential character displacement, we measured pollination‐related traits on plants grown in a greenhouse common garden from seed collected in communities with one, two, or four Clarkia species. Among the four species of Clarkia in this region, the two species that are often found in multi‐species communities also co‐occur with one another more frequently than expected under a null model. This pattern is consistent with ecological sorting, although further investigation is needed to determine the role of pollinators in shaping community assembly. Patterns of trait variation in a common garden suggest that these two species have diverged in floral traits and converged in flowering time where they co‐occur, which is consistent with character displacement. Trait variation across community types also suggests that the process and outcome of character displacement may vary with community context. Because community context appears to affect both the direction and magnitude of character displacement, change in more species‐rich communities may not be predictable from patterns of change in simpler communities.
Data from: Ecological character displacement among Nothobranchius annual killifishes in Tanzania
<p>Divergent ecological character displacement (ECD) is the competition-driven divergence in resource use-related phenotypic traits between coexisting species. It is considered one of the primary drivers of ecological diversification and adaptive radiation. We analyzed phenotypic and ecological variation in two African annual killifish species of the genus <em>Nothobranchius</em>; <em>N. eggersi</em> and <em>N. melanospilus</em> in sympatry and <em>N. melanospilus</em> in allopatry. Our aim was to test if allopatric and sympatric populations of <em>N. melanospilus</em> differ morphologically from each other and from <em>N. eggersi</em>, and examine if these differences are consistent with the predictions of ECD. We find that sympatric <em>N. melanospilus</em> differ from allopatric <em>N. melanospilus</em> and differ from <em>N. eggersi</em> more strongly than the latter. Our data satisfy four criteria for demonstrating ECD: Differences in phenotypes between allopatric and sympatric <em>N. melanospilus</em> are greater than expected by chance; the divergence pattern between allopatric and sympatric <em>N. melanospilus</em> results from an evolutionary shift rather than from ecological sorting; morphological differences observed reflect differences in resource use and, lastly, sites of allopatry and sympatry do not differ in food resource availability or other ecological conditions. Our results suggest that competition is the main driver of the observed divergence between two <em>N. melanospilus </em>populations.</p>
Data from: Character displacement of a learned behavior and its implications for ecological speciation
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Data from: Ecological character displacement among Nothobranchius annual killifishes in Tanzania
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Data from: Ecological sorting and character displacement contribute to the structure of communities of Clarkia species
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Data from: Radiating despite a lack of character: ecological divergence among closely related, morphologically similar honeyeaters (Aves: Meliphagidae) co-occurring in arid Australian environments
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Data from: The association between morphological and ecological characters across a global passerine radiation
<ol> <li>Strong relationships between morphological and ecological characters are commonly predicted to reflect the association between form and function, with this hypothesis being well supported in restricted taxonomic and geographic contexts. Conversely, among broader sets of species, ecological variables have been shown to have limited power to explain morphological variation. </li> <li>To understand these apparent discrepancies, for a large and globally distributed passerine radiation we test (i) whether the character states of four ecological variables (foraging mode, diet, strata and habitat) have different morphological optima, (ii) whether ecological variables explain substantial variance in morphology, and (iii) whether ecological character states can be accurately predicted from morphology.</li> <li>We collected ten linear morphological measurements for 782 species of corvoid passerines, and assessed (i) the fit of models of continuous trait evolution with different morphological optima for each ecological character state, (ii) variation in morphological traits among ecological character states using phylogenetically corrected regressions, and (iii) the accuracy of morphological traits in predicting species-level membership of ecological character states using linear discriminant analysis (LDA).</li> <li>Models of morphological evolution with different ecological optima were well supported across numerous morphological axes, corresponding with significant differences in trait distributions among ecological character states. LDA also showed that membership of the ecological categories can be predicted with relatively high accuracy by morphology. In contrast to these findings, ecological variables explain limited amounts of variation in morphological traits.</li> <li>For a global radiation of passerine birds, we confirm that the generation of morphological variation is generally consistent with ecological selection pressures, but that ecological characters are of limited utility in explaining morphological differences among species. Although selection towards different optima means that membership of ecological character states tend to be well predicted by morphology, the overall morphospace of individual ecological character states tend to be broad, implying that morphology can evolve in multiple ways in response to similar selection pressures. Extensive variation in morphological adaptations among similar ecological strategies is likely to be a widespread phenomenon across the tree of life.</li> </ol>
FIGURE 3. Characters 1‒4 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species
FIGURE 3. Characters 1‒4 on the head of Colocasiomyia colocasiae (Duda) (A‒D) and C. cristata de Meijere (E‒H). A, E, Caudal view; B, F, dorsal view; C, G, frontal view; D, H, right eye (frontal view). Abbreviations: ar, arista; a rc orb s, anterior reclinate orbital seta; i ocp s, inner occipital setae; pc orb s, proclinate orbital seta; spc s, supracervical setae. Character states are indicated in the form of 'character No.-state code'. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 10. Characters 30‒39 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species
FIGURE 10. Characters 30‒39 on the periphallic organs of Colocasiomyia colocasiae (Duda) (A, lateral view; B, anterior view), C. cristata de Meijere (C, lateral view; D, ventral view; E, surstylus) and C. xenalocasiae (Okada) (F, oblique lateral view; G, ventral view; H, surstylus). Abbreviations: cerc, cercus; epand, epandrium; sur, surstylus. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 5. Characters 7‒11 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species
FIGURE 5. Characters 7‒11 on the thorax (A‒D, dorsal view; E‒G, lateral view) of Colocasiomyia colocasiae (Duda) (A, E), C. grandis sp. nov. (B), C. cristata de Meijere (C, F), C. diconica (Toda & Okada) (D) and C. ecornuta sp. nov. (G). Abbreviations: a dc s, anterior dorsocentral setae; ap sctl s, apical scutellar seta; b sctl s, basal scutellar seta; p kepst s, posterior katepisternal seta; pprn s, postpronotal seta; trn sut, transverse suture. Scale bars: 0.5 mm in A‒D, 0.1 mm in E‒G.
FIGURE 12. Characters 48‒51 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species
FIGURE 12. Characters 48‒51 on the female terminalia of Colocasiomyia colocasiae (Duda) (A, lateral view; B, hypoproct in ventral view) and C. cristata de Meijere (C, lateral view; D, hypoproct in ventral view). Abbreviations: epiprct, epiproct; hyprct, hypoproct; ov, oviscapt; t-VIII, tergite VIII. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 8. Characters 16‒22 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species
FIGURE 8. Characters 16‒22 on the male (A, C) and female (B, D) abdominal sternites (s) of Colocasiomyia gigantea (Okada) (A, B) and C. colocasiae (Duda) (C, D). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 4. Characters 5 and 6 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species
FIGURE 4. Characters 5 and 6 on the cibarium (dorsal view) of Colocasiomyia xenalocasiae (Okada) (A), C. cristata de Meijere (B) and C. sarawakana sp. nov. (C). Abbreviations: a s, anterior sensilla; m s, medial sensilla; p s, posterior sensillum; s c, sensilla campaniformia. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 11. Characters 40‒47 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species
FIGURE 11. Characters 40‒47 on the phallic organs of Colocasiomyia colocasiae (Duda) (A, lateral view; B, ventral view; C, hypandrium and gonocoxites, oblique lateral view), C. xenalocasiae (Okada) (D, lateral view; E, ventral view), C. sabahana sp. nov. (F, lateral view; G, ventral view) and C. cristata de Meijere (H, lateral view; I, ventral view). Abbreviations: aed, aedeagus; goncx, gonocoxite; hypd, hypandrium; phap, phallapodeme; ph sh, phallal sheath. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 7. Characters 13‒15 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species
FIGURE 7. Characters 13‒15 on the fore (A, B, distal portion of tibia and tarsus) and mid (C, D, ditto) legs of Colocasiomyia colocasiae (Duda) (A, C) and C. cristata de Meijere (B, D). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.