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15 results for “ecological character displacement”
Data from: Ecological sorting and character displacement contribute to the structure of communities of Clarkia species
Despite long‐standing interest in the evolutionary ecology of plants that share pollinators, few studies have explored how these interactions may affect communities during both community assembly (ecological sorting) and through ongoing, in situ evolution (character displacement), and how the effects of these interactions may change with community context. To determine if communities display patterns consistent with ecological sorting, we assessed the frequency of co‐occurrence of four species of Clarkia in the southern Sierra foothills (Kern County, CA, USA). To investigate potential character displacement, we measured pollination‐related traits on plants grown in a greenhouse common garden from seed collected in communities with one, two, or four Clarkia species. Among the four species of Clarkia in this region, the two species that are often found in multi‐species communities also co‐occur with one another more frequently than expected under a null model. This pattern is consistent with ecological sorting, although further investigation is needed to determine the role of pollinators in shaping community assembly. Patterns of trait variation in a common garden suggest that these two species have diverged in floral traits and converged in flowering time where they co‐occur, which is consistent with character displacement. Trait variation across community types also suggests that the process and outcome of character displacement may vary with community context. Because community context appears to affect both the direction and magnitude of character displacement, change in more species‐rich communities may not be predictable from patterns of change in simpler communities.
Data from: Ecological character displacement among Nothobranchius annual killifishes in Tanzania
<p>Divergent ecological character displacement (ECD) is the competition-driven divergence in resource use-related phenotypic traits between coexisting species. It is considered one of the primary drivers of ecological diversification and adaptive radiation. We analyzed phenotypic and ecological variation in two African annual killifish species of the genus <em>Nothobranchius</em>; <em>N. eggersi</em> and <em>N. melanospilus</em> in sympatry and <em>N. melanospilus</em> in allopatry. Our aim was to test if allopatric and sympatric populations of <em>N. melanospilus</em> differ morphologically from each other and from <em>N. eggersi</em>, and examine if these differences are consistent with the predictions of ECD. We find that sympatric <em>N. melanospilus</em> differ from allopatric <em>N. melanospilus</em> and differ from <em>N. eggersi</em> more strongly than the latter. Our data satisfy four criteria for demonstrating ECD: Differences in phenotypes between allopatric and sympatric <em>N. melanospilus</em> are greater than expected by chance; the divergence pattern between allopatric and sympatric <em>N. melanospilus</em> results from an evolutionary shift rather than from ecological sorting; morphological differences observed reflect differences in resource use and, lastly, sites of allopatry and sympatry do not differ in food resource availability or other ecological conditions. Our results suggest that competition is the main driver of the observed divergence between two <em>N. melanospilus </em>populations.</p>
Data from: Character displacement of a learned behavior and its implications for ecological speciation
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Data from: Ecological character displacement among Nothobranchius annual killifishes in Tanzania
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Data from: Ecological sorting and character displacement contribute to the structure of communities of Clarkia species
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Sexual dimorphism in an adaptive radiation: Does intersexual niche differentiation result in ecological character displacement?
<p>Evolutionary radiations are one plausible explanation for the rich biodiversity on Earth. Adaptive radiations are the most studied form of evolutionary radiations and ecological opportunity has been identified as one factor permitting them. Competition among individuals is supposedly highest in populations of conspecifics. Divergent modes of resource use might minimize trophic overlap, and thus intersexual competition, resulting in ecological character displacement between sexes. However, the role of intersexual differentiation in speciation processes is insufficiently studied. The few studies available suggest that sexual niche differentiation exists in adaptive radiations, but their role within the radiation, and the extent of differentiation within the organism itself, remains largely unexplored. Here, we test the hypothesis that multiple morphological structures are affected by sexual niche differentiation in "roundfin" <i>Telmatherina</i>, the first case where sexual niche differentiation was demonstrated in an adaptive fish radiation. We show that sexes of two of the three morphospecies differ in several structural components of the head, all of these are likely adaptive. Sexual differentiation is linked to the respective morphospecies-specific ecology and affects several axes of variation. Trait variation translates into different feeding modes, processing types and habitat usages that add to interspecific variation in all three morphospecies. Intrasexual selection, i.e. male-male competition, may contribute to variation in some of the traits, but appears unlikely in internal structures which are invisible for other individuals. We conclude that intersexual variation adds to the adaptive diversity of roundfins, and might play a key role in minimizing intersexual competition in emerging radiations.</p>
Sexual dimorphism in an adaptive radiation: Does intersexual niche differentiation result in ecological character displacement?
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Data from: Digest: trait variation in Mimulus provides new evidence for the joint action of ecological sorting and character displacement
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Data from: Habitat segregation and ecological character displacement in cryptic African malaria mosquitoes
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Data from: Ecological character displacement between a native and an introduced species: the invasion of Anolis cristatellus in Dominica
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Data from: Ecological character displacement between the sexes
Theory suggests the evolution of sexual dimorphism in ecologically relevant traits can evolve purely through competition between the sexes for a shared resource. Although more parsimonious hypotheses exist for the evolution of ecological sexual dimorphisms, there are some underappreciated reasons to expect that competition may often play some role in the evolution of sexual dimorphism. Here, we build on past work to outline a set of sufficient criteria to demonstrate a role for resource competition in the evolution of sexual dimorphism, the most critical of which is that resource competition can be directly linked to sexual divergence along the axis of ecologically-relevant dimorphism. We then compare the geometry of fitness surfaces across experimental manipulations of density and sex ratio in a semiaquatic salamander (Notophthalmus viridescens). We find consistent disruptive selection on multivariate sexual dimorphism in feeding morphology, which increases in strength with density. Fitness and the strength of divergent selection are negative-frequency dependent in the manner expected under competition-driven divergence between the sexes. Our results constitute direct evidence of resource competition as a driver of sexually-antagonist selection and consequently the evolution of sexual dimorphism, showing how cause and effect can be separated in studies of ecological sexual dimorphism. We suggest resource competition may contribute to sexual divergence jointly with other sources of sex-biased selection, especially when ecological opportunity is sex-specific. EndDryadContent
Data from: Positive feedback between ecological and reproductive character displacement in a young avian hybrid zone
Character displacement can reduce costly interspecific interactions between young species. We investigated the mechanisms behind divergence in three key traits - breeding habitat choice, timing of breeding and plumage coloration - in Ficedula flycatchers. We found that male pied flycatchers became expelled from the preferred deciduous habitat into mixed forest as the superior competitor, collared flycatchers, increased in numbers. The peak in food abundance differs between habitats, and the spatial segregation was paralleled by an increased divergence in timing of breeding between the two species. Male pied flycatchers vary from brown to black with brown coloration being more frequent in sympatry with collared flycatchers, a pattern often proposed to result from selection against hybridization, i.e. reinforcement. In contrast to this view, we show that brown male pied flycatchers more often hybridize than black males. Male pied flycatcher plumage coloration influenced the territory obtained in areas of co-occurrence with collared flycatchers, and brown male pied flycatchers experienced higher relative fitness than black males when faced with heterospecific competition. We suggest that allopatric divergence in resource defense ability causes a feedback loop at secondary contact where male pied flycatchers with the most divergent strategy compared to collared flycatchers are favored by selection.
Data from: Ecological character displacement between the sexes
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Data from: Positive feedback between ecological and reproductive character displacement in a young avian hybrid zone
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Data from: Understanding the evolution of ecological sex differences: integrating character displacement and the Darwin-Bateman paradigm
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