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133 results for “ecological differences”
Sampling sites where ecological indices were used to assess the impact of different environmental stressors in aquatic environments in Argentina
Dataset is a compilation of all sampling sites of articles where ecological indices were used to assess the impact of different environmental stressors in aquatic environments from Argentina. Points of this dataset were extracted from 78 papers published between 1996 and 2018. We selected articles that use ecological indices to analyze some local environmental problematics or stressors. Using the type of index from each article we performed the kml file, which contained the categorized sampling sites by different symbols according to the ecological index: physico-chemical, biological, geomorphological and multimetric. We carried out a map (shapefile) with all the sampling sites referenced to the ecoregions of Argentina proposed by Burkart (1999).
Relyea, R. A. 2002. Local population differences in phenotypic plasticity: Predator-induced changes in wood frog tadpoles. Ecological Monographs 72:77-93
Taxa that are divided into separate populations with low levels of interpopulation dispersal have the potential to evolve genetically based differences in their phenotypes and the plasticity of those phenotypes. These differences can be due to random processes, including genetic drift and founder effects, or they can be the result of different selection pressures among populations. I investigated population-level differences in predator- induced phenotypic plasticity in eight populations of larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) over a small geographic scale (interpopulation distances of 0.3–8 km). Using a common-garden experiment containing predator and no-predator environments, I found population differences in behavior, morphology, and life history. These responses exhibited a habitat-related pattern: the four populations from closed-canopy ponds did not differ from each other in any of their phenotypes whereas the four populations from opencanopy ponds did differ from each other in these traits. This phenotypic pattern matches the pattern of competitors and predators found in these two types of ponds. Based on two years of pond surveys, the four closed-canopy ponds contained very similar competitor and predator assemblages while the assemblages of the four open-canopy ponds were more diverse and highly variable among open-canopy ponds. When combined with past studies, which demonstrate that predators and competitors select for alternative behavioral and morphological traits, these patterns suggest that the population differences may have arisen via natural selection and not via random mutation or drift. In a second experiment, I cross-transplanted two of the populations into each other’s ponds to determine if the populations were locally adapted to the conditions of their native pond (using low and high competition crossed with the presence or absence of a lethal predator). The populations continued to exhibit phenotypic differences, and one of the two populations t
Relyea, R. A. 2001. Morphological and behavioral plasticity of larval anurans in response to different predators. Ecology 82:523-540.
Many organisms can adjust to a changing environment by developing alternative phenotypes that improve their fitness. Our understanding of phenotypic plasticity is largely based upon observations from single species responding to two different environments and measuring a single plastic trait. In this study, I examine predator-induced phenotypic plasticity in tadpoles by observing how six species of larval anurans respond to five different predator environments in 11 different traits (seven morphological traits, two behavioral traits, growth, and development). The results demonstrate that behavioral and morphological plasticity may be ubiquitous in larval anurans. The six prey species exhibited different responses to the same predator species, and each prey exhibited different responses to different predator species. This suggests that responses to a particular predator may not serve as general defense against all predators; rather, prey express predator-specific suites of responses. I also compared relative differences in plasticity among species and among traits. In contrast to earlier findings using only two predator environments, I found that different anurans possess similar degrees of plasticity for most of their traits when reared in a large number of environments. In addition, behavioral traits were always more plastic than morphological traits. Finally, I examined trait integration to address whether there were apparent trade-offs among traits and limits imposed by the abiotic environment. Trait integration, or the degree of correlated responses among traits across predator environments within a prey species, was very low. This further suggests that the suites of responses are predator specific and may be under independent directions of selection in different predator environments. Trait correlations across prey species indicated that there is an apparent trade-off between tail fin depth and body size. This relationship is supported by selection studies with
Niche overlap in rodents increases with competition but not ecological opportunity: A role of inter-individual difference
<div> <p><span>Niche variation at population level mediates niche packing (i.e., patterns of species' spread within the niche space) and species coexistence at community level. Competition and ecological opportunity (resource diversity) are two of the main mechanisms underlying niche variation. Dense niche packing could occur through increased niche partitioning or increased niche overlap.</span></p> <p><span>In this study we used stable carbon and nitrogen isotope data of 635 individual rodents from 4 species across 9 sites in the montane region of a subtropical island to test the effects of competition and ecological opportunity on population isotope niche size, inter-individual niche difference within population, and inter-specific niche overlap within community.</span></p> <p><span>We used the Bayesian Standard Ellipse Area (SEAB, the ellipse area enclosed by carbon and nitrogen isotope values of organisms on a bi-plot) to estimate population niche size and inter-specific niche overlap. Inter-individual niche difference within population was quantified as isotopic divergence and isotopic uniqueness. We used rodent abundance (the number of unique individuals captured) to measure competition and plant isotope niche size (plant SEAB) to measure ecological opportunity.</span></p> <p><span>The rodents experienced competition as evidenced by a negative relationship between population change rate and conspecific abundance. Rodent population niche size increased with ecological opportunity but not competition. The inter-individual niche difference (isotopic uniqueness) increased with competition (inter-specific competition only) but not ecological opportunity. At community level, inter-specific niche overlap (herbivore—omnivore pair only) increased with competition (the combined abundance of the pair) but not ecological opportunity.</span></p> <p><span>This study demonstrated that isotope niche variation of the rodents could be hierarchically influenced by ecological opportunity and competition, with the former setting the limit of population niche size across communities and the latter shaping inter-individual niche difference and inter-specific niche overlap within communities. Under strong intra-specific competition and limited ecological opportunity for niche expansion, individuals may choose to increase their isotopic uniqueness from conspecifics at the cost of overlapping with heterospecifics of different trophic roles within the community niche space as overall competition increases. Denser niche packing of these rodent communities might be achieved through increased niche overlap.</span></p> </div>
Text-fig. 3. SRXTM images of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Volume renderings of flower bud in two different lateral views showing long pedicel, distinct calyx (ca) with almost equiaxial epidermal cells and corolla (co) with nearly smooth surface. c–e: Transverse sections (c, orthoslice xy1500; d, orthoslice xy1760; e, orthoslice xy1850) through flower bud at levels below the anthers showing stamen filaments (yellow) opposite the corolla lobes (co) and smaller staminodes (orange) in Early Flowers Of Primuloid Ericales From The Late Cretaceous Of Portugal And Their Ecological And Phytogeographic Implications
Text-fig. 3. SRXTM images of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Volume renderings of flower bud in two different lateral views showing long pedicel, distinct calyx (ca) with almost equiaxial epidermal cells and corolla (co) with nearly smooth surface. c–e: Transverse sections (c, orthoslice xy1500; d, orthoslice xy1760; e, orthoslice xy1850) through flower bud at levels below the anthers showing stamen filaments (yellow) opposite the corolla lobes (co) and smaller staminodes (orange)
Fig. 1 in Change Of Morphometric And Allometric Patterns On Wings Of Banded Demoiselle (Calopteryx Splendens) Males In Case Of Ecologically Different Watercourse Types
Fig. 1. The typical appearance of watercourse types in Northeast Hungary (A = creek, B = brook, C = stream, D = little river, E = medial river). (Photo: Miskolczi, M.)
Fig. 5 in Change Of Morphometric And Allometric Patterns On Wings Of Banded Demoiselle (Calopteryx Splendens) Males In Case Of Ecologically Different Watercourse Types
Fig. 5. PCA with watercourse type, for fore and hind wing (1. component = 77.66%; 2. component = 11.70%) (filled symbols: fore wing, empty symbols: hind wing). Symbols:
Fig. 2 in Change Of Morphometric And Allometric Patterns On Wings Of Banded Demoiselle (Calopteryx Splendens) Males In Case Of Ecologically Different Watercourse Types
Fig. 2. Measuring points on the right fore wing of Calopteryx splendens males (A = landmarks related to size and shape measurements, B = landmarks related to measurements on
Fig. 2 Micromorphological differences between Drepanocladus longifolius and D in Do Antarctic populations represent local or widespread phylogenetic and ecological lineages? Complicated fate of bipolar moss concepts with Drepanocladus longifolius as a case study
Fig. 2 Micromorphological differences between Drepanocladus longifolius and D. capillifolius. Alar cells of D. longifolius a, b—from Lyall 47, Falkland Islands. Alar cells of D. capillifolius c―from Nelson 4262, USA, Wyoming (KRAM), d―from isolectotype of Hypnum capillifolium var. fallax Renauld, Canada, Quebec. Scale bar 100 μm
Figure 5 in Ecological and faunistic features of caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) in different types of habitats in the Dinaric karst area (Central Croatia)
Figure 5. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogram based on 658 bp long fragment of the mt COI DNA barcode region showing the relationships between species of the genus Setodess. Numbers above the branches represent bootstrap support (BS) for Neighbor-Joining (NJ) and ML analysis (NJ/ML). BS values less than 60 are not shown. Specimen ID from sequences obtained in this study are written with bold letters.
Figure 3 in Ecological and faunistic features of caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) in different types of habitats in the Dinaric karst area (Central Croatia)
Figure 3. NMDS similarity analysis of caddisflies fauna at the study area (sampling sites correspond to the list in Tab. 1).
Figure 2 in Ecological and faunistic features of caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) in different types of habitats in the Dinaric karst area (Central Croatia)
Figure 2. Dobra - spring (D1), Dobra - upper Dobra (D2), Dobra - canyon (D4), Kamačnik - spring (K1), Zagorska Mrežnica - spring (ZM), Sabljaci - reservoir (SR).
Fig. 2 in Ecological niche difference associated with varied ethanol tolerance between Drosophila suzukii and Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Fig. 2. Mortality of Drosophila melanogaster (A) and Drosophila suzukii (B) adults exposed to varying concentrations of ethanol.
Fig. 4 in Ecological niche difference associated with varied ethanol tolerance between Drosophila suzukii and Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Fig. 4. ADH and ALDH activity levels of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila suzukii exposed to ethanol. (A) ADH activity in Drosophila melanogaster; (B) ALDH activity in Drosophila melanogaster; (C) ADH activity in Drosophila suzukii; (D) ALDH activity in Drosophila suzukii. Different letters in each figure (A, B, C, D) indicate a significant difference between adults and larvae (One-way ANOVA: α = 0.05).
Fig. 3 in Ecological niche difference associated with varied ethanol tolerance between Drosophila suzukii and Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Fig. 3. Mortality of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila suzukii larvae exposed to varying concentrations of ethanol.
Fig. 1 in Ecological niche difference associated with varied ethanol tolerance between Drosophila suzukii and Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Fig. 1. Ethanol (A) and acetaldehyde (B) contents of grapes infested by Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila suzukii.
Figure 2 in Fly parasitism in Papuan frogs, with a discussion of ecological factors influencing evolution of life-history differences
Figure 2. Regressions of weight versus snout–vent length (SV) for male Rana supragrisea. Larger frogs infested with fly larvae (closed squares, dashed line) exhibit lower weights compared to uninfested frogs (open circles, solid line), but this difference in regressions is determined solely by the largest infested specimen.
Not the same: phylogenetic relationships and ecological niche comparisons between two different forms of Aglaoctenus lagotis from Argentina and Uruguay
<p>We extracted genomic DNA from three species of <em>Aglaoctenus:</em> <em>A. lagotis, </em>and<em> A. castaneus </em>from Uruguay and Argentina. From those we obtained three mitochondrial markers including the 5’ half of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (<em>cox1</em>), the 3’ half of the 16S rRNA ribosomal subunit plus the complete tRNA-Leu plus 5’ half of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit I (16S+L1+nad1), and a partial fragment of the small ribosomal unit (<em>12S</em>). Additionally, we sequenced the nuclear intron of the gene encoding translation initiation factor 5A (<em>tif5A</em>). The sequences of the <em>12S</em>, <em>16S</em>+<em>L1+nad1 </em>and <em>tif5A </em>gene fragments were aligned using the online version of MAFFT v7 using the Q-ins-i algorithm. The alignment of the partial fragment of <em>cox1 </em>sequences was trivial since no insertions/deletions (indels) were observed. The alleles in heterozygous individuals for the <em>tif5A</em> intron were separated using the PHASE algorithm, as implemented in DnaSP v6. 12.03. With this data we inferred gene trees with Maximum Likelihood, Bayesian and statistical parsimony analyses. We perform molecular species delimitation analyses conducted with STACEY, and the species tree and divergence times were co-estimated with *BEAST. Additionally, we build a haplotype network of the nuclear intron <em>tif5A</em>, the concatenated mitochondrial genes <em>cox1</em>+<em>12S</em>+<em>16S</em>+<em>L1</em>+<em>nad1</em>, and a partial fragment of <em>cox1 </em>gene were estimated using statistical parsimony in TCS and implemented in PopART v1.7.</p>
FIGURE 2 Different habitat types that were sampled during the 2018 in Taxonomy, ecology and distribution of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Dutch Leeward Islands, with a key to the adults and fourth instar larvae
FIGURE 2 Different habitat types that were sampled during the 2018 survey. Natural habitats: a) Bromelias, b) inflorescences of Heliconia sp. c) rock pool/beach pool, d) crab hole; Semi-natural habitats: e) temporary/permanent pond, Artificial habitats: f) bucket, g) well, h) car tire, i) abandoned swimming pool, j) cistern. Photos courtesy of K.-D.B. Dijkstra, J.G. van der Beek and K. Hulshof.
Persistence explains differences in innovation in Darwin's finches with a different foraging ecology
<p><span>The capacity to create new behaviors is influenced by environmental factors such as foraging ecology, which can lead to phylogenetic variation in innovativeness. Alternatively, these differences may arise due to the selection of the underlying mechanisms, collaterally affecting innovativeness. To understand the evolutionary pathways that might enhance innovativeness, we examined the role of diet breadth and degree of extractive foraging, as well as a range of intervening cognitive and behavioral mechanisms (neophilia, neophobia, flexibility, motivation and persistence). Darwin's finches are very suitable for </span><span>this purpose: the clade is composed of closely related species that </span><span>vary in their feeding habits and capacity to develop food innovations. Using a multi-access box, we conducted an interspecies comparison on innovative problem-solving between two diet specialists, extractive foragers (woodpecker and cactus finch), and two diet generalist, non-extractive foragers (small and medium ground finch). </span><span>We predicted that, if extractive foraging was associated with high innovativeness, variation would be best explained by species differences in persistence and motivation, whereas if diet generalism was the main driver then variation would be due to differences in flexibility and responses to novelty. We found </span><span>a faster capacity to innovate and a higher persistence for extractive foragers, suggesting that </span><span>persistence might be adaptive to extractive foraging and only secondarily to innovation. </span><span>Our findings also show that diet generalism and some variables linking it to innovation </span><span>were unrelated to innovativeness, and call for the development of joint experimental approaches that capture the diversity of factors giving rise to novel behaviors.</span></p>
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