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34 results for “ecological fitting”
FIGURE 2 Fitted HeV urine pool prevalence and 95 in Ecological conditions predict the intensity of Hendra virus excretion over space and time from bat reservoir hosts
FIGURE 2 Fitted HeV urine pool prevalence and 95% confidence intervals from the most parsimonious GAMM with week, seasonal interactions with roost type and previous food shortages, and an adjustment for relative abundance of Pteropus alecto. Weekly data are overlaid, coloured by roost type, and sized by corresponding P. alecto relative abundance. Thin lines show the fitted curves from the random factor smooth including each roost per year
Variation and plasticity in life-history traits and fitness of wild Arabidopsis thaliana populations are not related to their genotypic and ecological diversity
<p>Despite its implications for population dynamics and evolution, the relationship between genetic and phenotypic variation in wild populations remains unclear. Here, we estimated variation and plasticity in life-history traits and fitness of the annual plant <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> in two common garden experiments that differed in environmental conditions. We used up to 306 maternal inbred lines from six Iberian populations characterized by low and high genotypic (based on whole-genome sequences) and ecological (vegetation type) diversity. Low and high genotypic and ecological diversity was found in edge and core Iberian environments, respectively. Given that selection is expected to be stronger in edge environments and that ecological diversity may enhance both phenotypic variation and plasticity, we expected genotypic diversity to be positively associated with phenotypic variation and plasticity. However, maternal lines, irrespective of the genotypic and ecological diversity of their population of origin, exhibited a substantial amount of phenotypic variation and plasticity for all traits. Furthermore, all populations harbored maternal lines with canalization (robustness) or sensitivity in response to harsher environmental conditions in one of the two experiments. Overall, we conclude that the environmental attributes of each population probably determine their genotypic diversity, but all populations maintain substantial phenotypic variation and plasticity for all traits, which represents an asset to endure in changing environments.</p>
Interactions between phenanthrene exposure and historical chemical stress: Implications for fitness and ecological resilience of the sentinel species Daphnia magna
<div> <p>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) arise from incomplete combustion of oil, coal, and gasoline, with lipophilic properties facilitating their widespread distribution and persistence. Due to their biochemical attributes, PAHs can accumulate in animal tissues, potentially causing mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Since the industrial revolution, PAH concentrations in the environment have risen, with some areas showing levels from 0.159 to 33,090 µg/kg sediment. Despite acute toxicity studies showing adverse effects on freshwater organisms, the long-term impacts and synergistic interactions with other pollutants remain largely unexplored. </p> </div> <div> <p>This study investigates the impact of phenanthrene (PHE), a prominent PAH found in aquatic environments, on <em>Daphnia magna</em>, a species of significant ecological importance in freshwater ecosystems globally, being both a sentinel species for chemical pollution and a keystone organism in freshwater aquatic ecosystems. Leveraging the dormancy of <em>D. magna</em>, which spans decades or even centuries, we exposed strains with diverse histories of chemical contaminant exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of PHE. Initially, acute exposure experiments were conducted in accordance with OECD guidelines across 16 <em>Daphnia</em> strains, revealing substantial variation in acute toxic responses, with strains naïve to chemical pollutants showing the lowest toxicity. Utilizing the median effect concentration EC10 derived from acute exposures, we assessed the impacts of chronic PHE exposure on the life history traits and ecological endpoints of the 16 strains. To elucidate how historical exposure to other environmental stressors may modulate the toxicity of PHE, temporal populations of <em>D. magna</em> resurrected from a lake with a well-documented century-spanning history of environmental impact were utilized. Our findings demonstrate that PHE exposure induces developmental failure, delays sexual maturation, and reduces adult size in <em>Daphnia</em>. Populations of <em>Daphnia</em> historically exposed to chemical stress exhibited significantly greater fitness impacts compared to naïve populations. This study provides crucial insights into the augmented effects of PAHs interacting with other environmental stressors. </p> </div>
An analysis of the effects of prior drying and vertebrate colonization on ecological functioning and vertebrate fitness
<p>We investigated the legacy effects of drying and refilling of wetlands via mesocosms on growth and survival of recolonizing aquatic vertebrates and their subsequent effects on ecological function. Specifically, we tested the effects of prior drying on anuran and fish growth and survival (using Gompertz growth curves), and joint effects of vertebrates and drying on periphyton biomass, and whole-system gross primary productivity. Using 64 1,000-L hard plastic cattle tanks to create replicate aquatic mesocosms, four trophic treatments (no vertebrate control, larval anurans, fish, larval anurans and fish) were crossed with two drying treatments (undried and dried-refilled) to simulate different outcomes of colonization by two common vertebrate guilds and drying/refilling cycles. Mesocosms with anuran treatments received 50 <em>Lithobates</em> <em>blairi</em> tadpoles (1,600 total) and mesocosms with fish treatments received one <em>Lepomis</em> <em>cyanellus</em> juvenile (32 total). We recorded anuran growth rates, survival, and time/size at metamorphosis, fish growth, gross primary productivity, and periphyton biomass over 12 weeks from 9 May 2021 to 1 August 2021.</p> <p>This dataset contains 4 R script files (one for each of the 4 components of this study: Amphibians, fish, gross primary productivity, and periphyton) along with their corresponding Excel files. Survival for each tank was calculated as the total number of emerged frogs from weeks 1–12 divided by 50 (initial number of larvae per tank). Size at metamorphosis was determined by dry mass (g) measured after 72 hours in a drying oven at 60° C. Metamorph dry mass and wet mass were strongly correlated (grams dry mass = 0.1957*grams wet mass – 0.0398; R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9733) and we chose dry mass for size at metamorphosis to reduce variability caused by water weight. We measured the dry mass of metamorphosed frogs to the nearest 0.01g. Time to metamorphosis was measured as the days past the first day of the experiment (9 May 2021) to the day the frog reached Gosner stage 46 (Gosner, 1960). We calculated relative fish growth as the change in standard length (SL) over the duration of the experiment divided by the initial SL for each fish. Individual fish growth calculations used each of the single fish per tank as independent replicates. Relative fish growth measurements for fish within the same treatments (n = 8) were combined and analyzed together. Gross primary productivity values were collected by measuring dissolved oxygen (DO) values after sunset for maximum DO and before sunrise for minimum DO. DO measurements were collected using a YSI meter (ProQuatro XA00088 – 02; YSI Inc., Yellow Springs, OH, USA) as a percentage out of 500. </p> <p>Gompertz growth curves provided estimates of asymptotic larval body mass (W<sub>max</sub>), maximum growth rate (K), and the time at which growth rates reach K (xm). However, only W<sub>max</sub> and K were included in statistical analyses as they were the primary parameters of interest for our study. All statistical analyses were performed in RStudio version 4.1.1 (R Core Team, 2021). We constructed generalized linear models (GLMs; 'stats' package in R; R Core Team, 2021) for each of Wmax, K, number of emerged frogs (survival), size at metamorphosis, time to metamorphosis, range of metamorph sizes, and range of metamorphosis days as response variables with drying treatment as the predictor variable. We also constructed GLMs with fish growth as the response variable and a combination of drying treatment and anuran presence as predictor variables with interaction terms. We then used type II ANOVAs for models without significant interaction terms and type III ANOVAs for models with interaction terms via the 'car' package in R (Fox & Weisberg, 2019) to determine the treatment effects on above response variables. GLM model fit and assumptions were checked by a visual assessment of the plotted residuals of each GLM model.</p> <p>Since GPP varied nonlinearly over the duration of the experiment (Fig. 4), we investigated the effects of drying and refilling and trophic treatment on GPP using generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) with the 'gam' function ('mgcv' package; Wood, 2015). The GAMM model included trophic treatment and drying treatment as parametric effects, trophic treatment over time, drying treatment over time, and time as cubic regression smoother terms, and individual mesocosm and individual mesocosm over time as random effects. The number of knots was set to -1 to utilize the generalized cross-validation method to automatically choose the number of knots for the model. GAMMs allow us to test hypotheses related to main effects (e.g., trophic treatment, drying treatment) within non-linear time series while accounting for random effects related to individual mesocosms and changes over time due to seasonality. We then used a subsequent ANOVA via the 'anova.gam' function within the 'gam' package to determine treatments effects. </p> <p>We investigated the effects of drying and refilling and trophic treatment on periphyton biomass using GAMMs constructed and analyzed identically to GPP except that they are only for experimental days 19–80. This is because periphyton sampling techniques were not standardized until after the second week of data collection. Because data for periphyton biomass was right-skewed and included some 0's that were not true zeros (periphyton was present but below measurement limits), we added 0.5 to each measurement (untransformed mean was 1.838 g) and then log-transformed them. Models run with the transformed data met the assumptions of GAMMs and subsequent ANOVAs.</p>
Variation and plasticity in life-history traits and fitness of wild Arabidopsis thaliana populations are not related to their genotypic and ecological diversity
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Data for: Integration of an invasive plant in hummingbird and flower mite networks is driven by ecological fitting and generalization
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Data from: Ecological drivers and fitness consequences of incubation period in Ficedula albicollis (Collared Flycatcher): Insights from a long-term data set
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An analysis of the effects of prior drying and vertebrate colonization on ecological functioning and vertebrate fitness
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Interactions between phenanthrene exposure and historical chemical stress: Implications for fitness and ecological resilience of the sentinel species Daphnia magna
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Ecological fitting is a sufficient driver of tight interactions between sunbirds and ornithophilous plants
<p>1. Plant-bird pollination interactions evolved independently on different continents. Specific adaptations can lead to their restriction when potential partners from distant evolutionary trajectories come into contact. Alternatively, these interactions can be enabled by convergent evolution and subsequent ecological fitting.<br> 2. We studied the interactions between New World plants from the genus Heliconia, Asian plants of genus Etlingera and African sunbirds on a local farm in Cameroon. Heliconia evolved together with hummingbirds and Etlingera spp. with spiderhunters - an oriental subgroup of the sunbird family. <br> 3. Sunbirds fed on all studied plants and individual plant species were visited by a different sunbird spectrum. We experimentally documented a higher number of germinated pollen grains in sunbird visited flowers of Etlingera spp. For Heliconia spp. this experiment was not successful and pollen tubes were rarely observed, even in hand pollinated flowers, where enough pollen was deposited. The analyses of contacts with plant reproductive organs nevertheless confirmed that sunbirds are good pollen vectors for both Heliconia and Etlingera species.<br> 4. Our study demonstrated a high ecological fit between actors of distinct evolutionary history and the general validity of bird-pollination syndrome. We moreover show that trait matching and niche differentiation are important ecological processes also in semi-artificial plant-pollinator systems.</p>
Migratory cavity nesters (Ficedula hypoleuca) incur fitness costs from ecological traps
<p><span>When selecting a habitat for breeding and offspring rearing, it is optimal for organisms to select a stable habitat with high amounts of quality resources. However, organisms may inadvertently select a habitat for breeding that would initially appear preferential and healthy, but may in reality be detrimental to parent and/or offspring fitness. Such ecological traps may even be the result of human habitat modification and conservation efforts. In this study, we tested whether migratory European pied flycatcher (</span>Ficedula hypoleuca) offspring cavity-nesting in patches of forest affected by outbreaks of the great web-spinning sawfly (Acantholyda posticalis<span>) incurred fitness detriments characteristic of ecological traps when compared to flycatchers that nested in patches of unaffected forest. Outbreaking sawfly larvae overconsume Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) needles and substrate, which decreases resource availability directly and indirectly–through cascading effects–for birds inhabiting the forest. In installing nest boxes to attract breeding pairs and potentially combat the outbreak, we found that flycatchers inhabiting areas of sawfly outbreaks had similar clutch sizes to pairs breeding in healthy forest patches. Contrarily, the fledgling number and body condition were significantly lower for those nesting in the damaged forests. Though larvae serve as the primary food source for nestlings, the forest patches damaged by sawflies also had lower larval biomass from rapid resource decline due to overconsumption. In provisioning nest boxes for migrating flycatcher pairs in forest patches that were subsequently impacted by a pest insect outbreak, an ecological trap arose for those pairs choosing to nest in what appeared to be an unaffected forest at first. Given the inability of breeding pairs to distinguish habitat quality on initial inspection, we suggest that nest boxes be used with caution in areas with unstable habitat conditions when attracting migratory birds given the trends of their declining global numbers.</span></p>
Ecomorphological relationships and invasion history of non-native terrestrial bird species on O'ahu, Hawai'i suggests ecological fitting during community assembly
The widespread introduction of species has created novel communities in many areas of the world. Since introduced species tend to have generalized ecologies and often lack shared evolutionary history with other species in their communities, it would be expected that the relationship between form and function (i.e. ecomorphology) may change in novel communities. We tested this expectation in a subset of the novel bird community on O'ahu, Hawai'i. By relating foraging behavior observations to morphology obtained from live birds at four sites across the island, we found many relationships between species' morphology and foraging ecology that mirrored relationships found in the literature for native dominated bird communities. Both movement and certain foraging behaviors were related to a species' tarsus to wing ratio. Further, bill morphology was related to gleaning, frugivory, and flycatching behaviors. The commonness of significant ecomorphological relationships suggests that, within O'ahu's novel bird community, form is strongly related to function. We hypothesize that ecological fitting likely played a major role in the assembly of this novel community conserving the relationships between form and function found in many other bird communities. To further support this hypothesis, we used niche data from EltonTraits 1.0 to determine if the establishment of bird species introduced to O'ahu was related to the distinctiveness of their ecological niche from the incumbent community. Introduced species were more likely to establish on O'ahu if their diets were less similar to the bird species already present on the island. Our results support the idea that ecological fitting is an important mechanism in shaping ecological communities, especially in the Anthropocene, thereby influencing novel community assembly and functioning.
Fig. 3 in Ecological fitting: Chemical profiles of plant hosts provide insights on selection cues and preferences for a major buprestid pest
Fig. 3. Average time spent (s ± 1SE) of gravid emerald ash borer females (Agrilus planipennis) in arms of Y-tube olfactometer with foliage emissions of olive (OL, Olea europaea), white fringetree (WF, Chionanthus virginica), green ash (GA, Fraxinus pennsylvanica), Manchurian ash (MA, F. mandshurica) or blank air (BL). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 1 in Ecological fitting: Chemical profiles of plant hosts provide insights on selection cues and preferences for a major buprestid pest
Fig. 1. Mean emission rates of volatiles (ng/hour/g/foliage ± 1SE) of black ash (BA, Fraxinus nigra), blue ash (Blue, F. quadrangulata), Manchurian ash (MA, F. mandshurica), olive (OL, Olea europaea), and white fringetree (WF, Chionanthus virginicus), five plant hosts of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) collected in summer 2017. a) Overall plant profiles, b) antennally active compounds c) Green leaf volatile (GLV) profiles, d) sesquiterpene profiles, and e) Monoterpene profiles. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 2 in Ecological fitting: Chemical profiles of plant hosts provide insights on selection cues and preferences for a major buprestid pest
Fig. 2. Ordination (nonmetric multidimensional scaling) plots of volatiles profiles of black ash (BA, Fraxinus nigra), blue ash (Blue, F. quadrangulata), Manchurian ash (MA, F. mandshurica), olive (OL, Olea europaea), and white fringetree (WF, Chionanthus virginicus), five plant hosts of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis). a) Overall plant profiles, b) Green leaf volatile (GLV) profiles, c) monoterpene profiles, d) sesquiterpene profiles, and e) antennally active compounds. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Ecomorphological relationships and invasion history of non-native terrestrial bird species on O‘ahu, Hawai‘i suggests ecological fitting during community assembly
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Data from: Ecological host fitting of Trypanosoma cruzi TcI in Bolivia: mosaic population structure, hybridization and a role for humans in Andean parasite dispersal
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Larger bacterial populations evolve heavier fitness trade-offs and undergo greater ecological specialization
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Ecological fitting is a sufficient driver of tight interactions between sunbirds and ornithophilous plants
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Data from: Ecology shapes epistasis in a genotype-phenotype-fitness map for stick insect colour
<p>Genetic interactions such as epistasis are widespread in nature and can shape evolutionary dynamics. Epistasis occurs due to non-linearity in biological systems, which can arise via cellular processes that convert genotype to phenotype and via selective processes that connect phenotype to fitness. Few studies in nature have connected genotype to phenotype to fitness for multiple potentially interacting genetic variants. Thus, the causes of epistasis in the wild remain poorly understood. Here, we show that epistasis for fitness is an emergent and predictable property of non-linear selective processes. We do so by measuring the genetic basis of cryptic colouration and survival in a field experiment with stick insects. We find that colouration exhibits a largely additive genetic basis, but with some effects of epistasis that enhance differentiation between colour morphs. In terms of fitness, different combinations of loci affecting colouration confer high survival in one host-plant treatment. Specifically, non-linear correlational selection for specific combinations of colour traits in this treatment drives the emergence of pairwise and higher-order epistasis for fitness at loci underlying colour. In turn, this results in a rugged fitness landscape for genotypes. In contrast, fitness epistasis was dampened in another treatment, where selection was weaker. Patterns of epistasis that are shaped by ecologically based selection could be common, and central to understanding fitness landscapes, the dynamics of evolution, and potentially other complex systems.</p>
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