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18 results for “ectomycorrhizal species”
Mycorrhizal types regulate tree spatial associations in temperate forests: ectomycorrhizal trees might favor species coexistence
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Endemic species of ectomycorrhizal fungi support the exceptional productivity of a temperate rainforest
<p>Endemic species of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) can be found throughout many forest biomes, but it is unclear whether their localized distribution is dictated by deterministic processes or geographical barriers to dispersal. We investigated the adaptive characteristics and prevalence of endemic versus cosmopolitan EMF species in perhumid temperate rainforests of southwestern Vancouver Island (Canada), characterized by moist, acidic soils with high nitrogen (N) supply alongside low phosphorus (P) and cation availability. Endemic EMF species, representing almost half of the community, had significantly higher sporocarp N (24% increase), potassium (+16%), and magnesium (+17%) concentrations than cosmopolitan species. Sporocarp P concentrations were low overall, reflecting limited soil P availability, and did not differ by fungal range. However, sporocarp N% and P% were well correlated, and species with higher N concentrations showed an increasing N:P ratio, supporting evidence for the N allocation required to produce organic P-acquiring enzymes. Endemics were also more likely to occur on <em>Tsuga</em> <em>heterophylla</em> (a disjunct host genus) than <em>Picea</em> <em>sitchensis</em> (a circumpolar genus), but pairwise comparisons indicated no differences in abundance by fungal range for either host. Endemics represented a diverse group, with moderate dispersion across the phylogeny. The Inocybaceae and Thelephoraceae families had high proportions of endemic taxa, while Cortinariaceae was largely cosmopolitan, highlighting some niche conservatism in certain lineages but not as an overall pattern. We conclude that superior adaptive traits in relation to perhumid soils were skewed towards the endemic community, underscoring the important contribution of these localized fungi to rainforest nutrition and productivity. </p>
Carbon availability affects already large species-specific differences in chemical composition of ectomycorrhizal fungal mycelia in pure culture
<p>Although ectomycorrhizal (ECM) contribution to soil organic matter processes receives increased attention, little is known about fundamental differences in chemical composition among species, and how that may be affected by carbon (C) availability. Here we study how 16 species (incl. 19 isolates) grown in pure culture at three different C:N ratios (10:1, 20:1 and 40:1) vary in chemical structure, using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. We hypothesised that C availability impacts directly on chemical composition, expecting increased C availability to lead to more carbohydrates and less proteins in the mycelia. There were strong and significant effects of ECM species (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.873 and P = 0.001) and large species-specific differences in chemical composition. Chemical composition also changed significantly with C availability, and increased C led to more polysaccharides and less proteins for many species, but not all. Understanding how chemical composition change with altered C availability is a first step towards understanding their role in organic matter accumulation and decomposition.</p>
Endemic species of ectomycorrhizal fungi support the exceptional productivity of a temperate rainforest
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Carbon availability affects already large species-specific differences in chemical composition of ectomycorrhizal fungal mycelia in pure culture
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Data from: Limitation of seedling growth by potassium and magnesium supply for two ectomycorrhizal tree species of a Central African rain forest and its implication for their recruitment
In the ectomycorrhizal caesalpiniaceous groves of southern Korup National Park, the dominant tree species, Microberlinia bisulcata, displays very poor in situ recruitment compared with its codominant, Tetraberlinia bifoliolata. The reported ex situ experiment tested whether availabilities of soil potassium and magnesium play a role. Seedlings of the two species received applications of K and Mg fertilizer in potted native soil in a local shade house, and their responses in terms of growth and nutrient concentrations were recorded over 2 years. Amended soil concentrations were also determined. Microberlinia responded strongly and positively in its growth to Mg, but less to K; Tetraberlinia responded weakly to both. Added Mg led to strongly increased Mg concentration for Microberlinia while added K changed that concentration only slightly; Tetraberlinia strongly increased its concentration of K with added K, but only somewhat its Mg concentration with added Mg. Additions of Mg and K had small but important antagonistic effects. Microberlinia is Mg-demanding and apparently Mg-limited in Korup soil; Tetraberlinia, whilst K-demanding, appeared not to be K-limited (for growth). Added K enhanced plant P concentrations of both species. Extra applied Mg may also be alleviating soil aluminum toxicity, and hence improving growth indirectly and especially to the benefit of Microberlinia. Mg appears to be essential for Microberlinia seedling growth and its low soil availability in grove soils at Korup may be an important contributing factor to its poor recruitment. Microberlinia is highly shade-intolerant and strongly light-responding, whilst Tetraberlinia is more shade-tolerant and moderately light-responding, which affords an interesting contrast with respect to their differing responses to Mg supply. The study revealed novel aspects of functional traits and likely niche-partitioning among ectomycorrhizal caesalps in African rain forests. Identifying the direct and interacting indirect effects of essential elements on tropical tree seedling growth presents a considerable challenge due the complex nexus of causes involved.
Data from: Ectomycorrhizal fungal richness declines towards the host species' range edge
Plant range boundaries are generally considered to reflect abiotic conditions; however, a rise in negative or decline in positive species interactions at range margins may contribute to these stable boundaries. While evidence suggests that pollinator mutualisms may decline near range boundaries, little is known about other important plant mutualisms, including microbial root symbionts. Here, we used molecular methods to characterize root-associated fungal communities in populations of two related temperate tree species from across the species' range in the eastern United States. We found that ectomycorrhizal fungal richness on plant roots declined with distance from the centre of the host species range. These patterns were not evident in nonmycorrhizal fungal communities on roots nor in fungal communities in bulk soil. Climatic and soil chemical variables could not explain these biogeographic patterns, although these abiotic gradients affected other components of the bulk soil and rhizosphere fungal community. Depauperate ectomycorrhizal fungal communities may represent an underappreciated challenge to marginal tree populations, especially as rapid climate change pushes these populations outside their current climate niche.
Nutrient trade-offs mediated by ectomycorrhizal strategies in plants: Evidence from an Abies species in subalpine forest
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>1. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis is an evolutionary biological trait of higher plants for effective nutrient uptakes. However, little is known that how the formation and morphological differentiations of ECM roots mediate the nutrients of below- and aboveground plant tissues and the balance among nutrient elements across environmental gradients. Here we investigated the effects of ECM foraging strategies on root and foliar N and P concentrations and N:P ratio Abies faxoniana under variations of climate and soil conditions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>2. The ECM symbionts preferentially mediated P uptake under both N and P limitations. The uptake efficiency of N and P was primarily associated with the ECM root traits, e.g., ECM root tip density, superficial area of ECM root tips, the ratio of living to dead root tips, and was affected by the ECM proliferations and morphological differentiations. The tissue N and P concentrations were positively associated with the abundance of the contact exploration type, and negatively with that of the short-distance exploration type.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>3. Our findings indicate that the nutritional status of both below- and aboveground plant tissues can be strongly affected by ECM symbiosis in natural environments. Variations in the ECM strategies in response to varying environmental conditions significantly influence plant nutrient uptakes and trade-offs.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
FIGURE 2 in Two new neotropical species of the ectomycorrhizal gasteroid genus Calostoma (Sclerodermatineae, Boletales) used as a food source by the Ayuuk jä'äy ethnic group from Southern Mexico
FIGURE 2. Calostoma naaxtututs (a–b) and C. tooteic (c–f). a. Gasterocarp appearance (Holotype), showing color variation (in the top right corner). b) Scanning electronic microphotography showing the ornamentation pattern of spores; c–d) Gasterocarp appearance (Holotype), showing colour variation in (e). f. Scanning electronic microphotography showing the ornamentation pattern of spores; (g) Gathering of Calostoma ethnotaxa by Ayuuk jä´äy women.
FIGURE 1 in Two new neotropical species of the ectomycorrhizal gasteroid genus Calostoma (Sclerodermatineae, Boletales) used as a food source by the Ayuuk jä'äy ethnic group from Southern Mexico
FIGURE 1. Phylogram of Bayesian inference (BI) tree from the ITS sequence data of 56 specimens. Gyroporus castaneus was used as the outgroup. The values above branches represent Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP, left) and bootstrap values (LP, right) for maximum likelihood, respectively. The scale bar represents the expected number of nucleotide substitutions per site. Sequences obtained from this study are in bold.
Data from: Species-area curve and distance-decay relationship indicate habitat thresholds of ectomycorrhizal fungi in an old-growth Pseudotsuga menziesii landscape
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Data from: Ectomycorrhizal fungal richness declines towards the host species’ range edge
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Data from: Limitation of seedling growth by potassium and magnesium supply for two ectomycorrhizal tree species of a Central African rain forest and its implication for their recruitment
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Data from: Species turnover (β diversity) in ectomycorrhizal fungi linked to NH4+ uptake capacity
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Nutrient trade-offs mediated by ectomycorrhizal strategies in plants: Evidence from an Abies species in subalpine forest
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Data from: The effect of drought and season on root life span in temperate arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal tree species
1. Fine roots play a key role in carbon (C) and nutrient cycling, since fine root lifespan drives soil organic C input and, thus, N availability. The two principal fungal symbioses found in temperate forest trees, ectomycorrhizae (ECM) and arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM), induce different root morphological changes upon infection, but the consequences for root lifespan are not clear. 2. We explored differences in fine root lifespan between four AM and four ECM tree species using mini-rhizotrons in a factorial drought experiment in large mesocosms. 3. Median root lifespan of young AM and ECM trees differed fundamentally in its response to soil moisture and season of root birth: ECM root lifespan was reduced from 176 to 81 d in dry soil compared to moist soil, independent of season. By contrast, AM root lifespan was less responsive to drought, but decreased from 185 to 127 d when comparing roots produced early in the growing season vs. mid-season. In both mycorrhizal types, root lifespan was positively related to root diameter and negatively to the portion of lower-order roots. 4. Synthesis. While our results indicate morphological and architectural traits that predict root lifespan across tree species, they also indicate principal differences in the environmental response of root lifespan in young AM and ECM trees. This knowledge helps to improve global predictions of root lifespan.
Data from: The effect of drought and season on root life span in temperate arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal tree species
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Data from: Contrasting effects of ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal tropical tree species on soil nitrogen cycling: the potential mechanisms and corresponding adaptive strategies
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