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7 results for “effective number of species”
Data from: Weighting effective number of species measures by abundance weakens detection of diversity responses
1. The effective number of species (ENS) has been proposed as a robust measure of species diversity that overcomes several shortcomings of both diversity indices and species richness measures. However, it is not yet clear if ENS improves interpretation and comparison of biodiversity monitoring data, and ultimately resource management decisions. 2. We used simulations of five stream macroinvertebrate assemblages and spatially extensive field data of stream fishes and mussels to show (1) how different ENS formulations respond to stress and (2) how diversity-environment relationships change with values of q, which weight ENS measures by species abundances. 3. Values of ENS derived from whole simulated assemblages with all species weighted equally (true species richness) steadily decreased as stress increased, and ENS-stress relationships became weaker and more different among assemblages with increased weighting. 4. The amount of variation in ENS across the fish and mussel assemblages that was associated with environmental gradients decreased with increasing q. 5. Synthesis and applications: ENS does not improve interpretability of how diversity responds to stress or natural environmental gradients, and incorporating relative abundance into species diversity measures as implemented in ENS can actually weaken detection of diversity responses. Ecologists need to be cautious about use and interpretation of diversity measures whose values are jointly influenced by richness and evenness, including ENS, and instead separately assess species richness, species evenness, and compositional change in ecological communities.
Data from: Weighting effective number of species measures by abundance weakens detection of diversity responses
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SGS-LTER Effects of water and nitrogen additions on plant species density and cover in shortgrass ecosystems on the Central Plains Experimental Range, Nunn, Colorado, USA 1997-2011, ARS Study Number 143
This data package was produced by researchers working on the Shortgrass Steppe Long Term Ecological Research (SGS-LTER) Project, administered at Colorado State University. Long-term datasets and background information (proposals, reports, photographs, etc.) on the SGS-LTER project are contained in a comprehensive project collection within the Digital Collections of Colorado (http://digitool.library.colostate.edu/R/?func=collections&collection_id=3429). The data table and associated metadata document, which is generated in Ecological Metadata Language, may be available through other repositories serving the ecological research community and represent components of the larger SGS-LTER project collection. The objective of this research is to evaluate the long-term response of shortgrass ecosystems to additional water and nitrogen inputs. An experiment was conducted during the IBP project (1970-1975) in which water and nitrogen were applied (Lauenroth et al. 1978, Dodd and Lauenroth 1979, Milchunas and Lauenroth 1995). While we gained an enormous increment in our knowledge about shortgrass ecosystems from this experiment it raised as many questions as it answered. One of the problems was that the treatments were very high levels of nitrogen (100-150kg/ha N) and water (600 mm/growing season) additions. Additional information and referenced materials can be found: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/85629.
Data from: Reliable effective number of breeders/adult census size ratios in seasonal-breeding species: opportunity for integrative demographic inferences based on capture-mark-recapture data and multilocus genotypes
The ratio of the effective number of breeders (Nb) to the adult census size (Na), Nb/ Na, approximates the departure from the standard capacity of a population to maintain genetic diversity in one reproductive season. This information is relevant for assessing population status, understanding evolutionary processes operating at local scales and unraveling how life-history traits affect these processes. However, our knowledge on Nb/Na ratios in nature is limited because estimation of both parameters is challenging. The sibship frequency (SF) method is adequate for reliable Nb estimation because it is based on sibship and parentage reconstruction from genetic marker data, thereby providing demographic inferences that can be compared with field-based information. In addition, capture-mark-recapture (CMR) robust design methods are well suited for Na estimation in seasonal-breeding species. We used tadpole genotypes of three pond-breeding amphibian species (Epidalea calamita, Hyla molleri and Pelophylax perezi, n = 73-96 single-cohort tadpoles / species genotyped at 15-17 microsatellite loci) and candidate parental genotypes (n = 94-300 adults / species) to estimate Nb by the SF method. To assess the reliability of Nb estimates, we compared sibship and parentage inferences with field-based information and checked for the convergence of results in replicated subsampled analyses. Finally, we used CMR data from a 6-year monitoring program to estimate annual Na in the three species and calculate the Nb/Na ratio. Reliable ratios were obtained for E. calamita (Nb/Na = 0.18-0.28) and P. perezi (0.5), but in H. molleri Na could not be estimated and genetic information proved insufficient for reliable Nb estimation. Integrative demographic studies taking full advantage of SF and CMR methods can provide accurate estimates of the Nb/Na ratio in seasonal-breeding species. Importantly, the SF method provides results that can be readily evaluated for reliability. This represents a good opportunity for obtaining robust demographic inferences with wide applications for evolutionary and conservation research.
Data from: Reliable effective number of breeders/adult census size ratios in seasonal-breeding species: opportunity for integrative demographic inferences based on capture-mark-recapture data and multilocus genotypes
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Data from: Effective number of breeders, effective population size and their relationship with census size in an iteroparous species, Salvelinus fontinalis
Effective number of breeders, Nb, effective population size, Ne, iteroparity, small population size, brook trout, age at maturation Abstract: The relationship between the effective number of breeders (Nb) and the generational effective size (Ne) has rarely been examined empirically in species with overlapping generations and iteroparity. Based on a suite of 11 microsatellite markers we examine the relationship between Nb, Ne, and census population size (Nc) in 14 brook trout (Salvelinus fontanels) populations inhabiting 12 small streams in Nova Scotia and sampled at least twice between 2009 and 2015. Unbiased estimates of Nb obtained with individuals of a single cohort, adjusted on the basis of age at first maturation (α) and adult life span (AL) were from 1.66 to 0.24 times the average estimates of Ne obtained with random samples of individuals of mixed ages [i.e., N ̂(b(adj2))/〖mean(N ̂ (e(mixed ages)))]. In turn, these differences led to adjusted Ne estimates that were from nearly 5 to 0.7 times the estimates derived from mixed aged individuals. These differences translate into the same range of variation in the ratio of effective to census population size (N ̂_(e(adj2))N ̂_c) within populations. Adopting N ̂(e(adj2)) as the more precise and unbiased estimates, we found that these brook trout populations differ markedly in their effective to census population sizes (range ~0.3 to ~0.001). Using AgeNe we then show that the variance in reproductive success or reproductive skew varied among populations by a factor of 40 from a Vk/k≈5 to 200. These results suggest wide differences in population dynamics likely resulting from differences in productivity affecting the intensity of competition for access to mates or redds and thus, reproductive skew. Understanding the relationship between Ne, Nb and Nc and how these relate to population dynamics and fluctuations in population size are important for the design of robust conservation strategies in small populations with overlapping generations and iteroparity.
Data from: Effective number of breeders, effective population size and their relationship with census size in an iteroparous species, Salvelinus fontinalis
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