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41 results for “egg-laying”
Data from: Long-term, not short-term, temperatures predict timing of egg-laying in European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
<p>Temperature is thought to be an important supplemental cue used by female birds to time breeding. It is widely assumed that late spring temperatures, within ~1 month of egg-laying, are most predictive of laying date, consistent with the idea that temperature is used to fine-tune timing of breeding to year-specific local conditions at the time of laying. Here we show that a relatively broad, long-term, temperature window (Jan 2 – Apr 4, 92 days; r2 = 0.73) best predicted timing of egg-laying in European Starlings (<em>Sturnus vulgaris</em>). A "mid-winter" temperature window was also strongly correlated with laying date (r2 = 0.58) but there was no support for an influence of short-term temperatures immediately before egg-laying. We assessed the relationship between ambient temperature and timing of egg-laying using three complimentary approaches: a) an "unconstrained", exploratory analysis, b) a traditional sliding window approach, and c) specific, biologically-informed temperature windows. Our results contrast markedly with the widely held view, in the avian breeding phenology literature, that immediate, pre-breeding, temperatures best predict short-term variation in laying because they allow birds to fine-tune timing of breeding to local conditions around the time of egg-laying. This means that mechanisms that allow integration of long-term temperature information must exist in birds – perhaps most parsimoniously involving direct effects of temperature on growth of the bird's ectothermic insect prey– even though these are currently poorly characterized.</p>
Social control of egg-laying in independently nest-founding bumble bee queens
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Data from: Long-term, not short-term, temperatures predict timing of egg-laying in European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
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Data from: Timing of egg-laying in relation to a female's social environment in European starlings
<p>It is widely assumed that female birds use non-photic supplemental cues, including social factors, to fine-tune timing of egg-laying to local conditions, but our knowledge of the nature of these social cues and how they operate remains limited. We analyzed the relationship between a female's social environment (nearest neighbor distances, residency, female -and- network familiarity, synchrony) and variation in timing of egg-laying in European starlings (<em>Sturnus vulgaris</em>) using individual, residual laying date (controlling for annual variation) and temperature-independent residual laying date (accounting for the effect of ambient temperature on laying date). Female social environment varied systematically with overall spatial distribution of nest-boxes (linear vs clumped boxes) but this was not associated with spatial variation in laying date or temperature-independent residual laying date. We found no evidence for any relationships between individual variation in social environment and individual, residual laying date and only weak evidence for any association with individual, temperature-independent residual laying date. The latter was associated with a) nearest neighbor distances in the linear habitat, with females nesting closer to neighbors laying earlier than predicted by temperature, but not in the two clumped habitats, and b) neighbor familiarity: females with an intermediate number of returning females (3/8) laid closest to the predicted date. Finally, despite the fact that synchrony was not associated with other social environment metrics, females with lower laying synchrony among neighbors laid earlier than predicted by temperature. This suggests that some components of the female-female social environment could act as supplemental cues for timing of egg-laying.</p>
Рис. 2. Самка B. pratense за откΛаΑкой яиц Fig. 2. Egg-laying B. pratense female in Brachytron pratense (Müller, 1764) (Odonata: Aeshnidae): a new species in the fauna of Chuvashia
Рис. 2. Самка B. pratense за откΛаΑкой яиц Fig. 2. Egg-laying B. pratense female
Data from: Timing of egg-laying in relation to a female's social environment in European starlings
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Perceived mate availability does not influence variation in egg-laying patterns in the Hawaiian Pacific field cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)
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Data from: Weather extremes in the Mediterranean winter are associated with reduced apparent survival and delayed initiation of egg-laying in a migratory raptor
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Data from: Migratory birds advance spring arrival and egg-laying in the Arctic, mostly by travelling faster
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Data from: Reprograming of epigenetic mechanisms controlling host insect immunity and development in response to egg-laying by a parasitoid wasp
<p>Parasitoids are insects that use other insects as hosts. They sabotage host cellular and humoral defenses to promote the survival of their offspring by injecting viruses and venoms along with their eggs. Many pathogens and parasites disrupt host epigenetic mechanisms to overcome immune system defenses, and we hypothesized that parasitoids may utilize the same strategy. We used the ichneumon wasp Pimpla turionellae as a model idiobiont parasitoid to test this hypothesis, with pupae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella as the host. We found that parasitoid infestation involves the suppression of host immunity-related effector genes and the modulation of host genes involved in developmental hormone signaling. The transcriptional reprogramming of host genes following the injection of parasitoid eggs was associated with changes in host epigenetic mechanisms. The introduction of parasitoids resulted in a transient decrease in host global DNA methylation and the modulation of acetylation ratios for specific histones. Genes encoding regulators of histone acetylation and deacetylation were mostly downregulated in the parasitized pupae, suggesting that parasitoids can suppress host transcription. We also detected a strong parasitoid-specific effect on host microRNAs regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Our data therefore support the hypothesis that parasitoids may favor the survival of their offspring by interfering with host epigenetic mechanisms to suppress the immune system and disrupt development.</p>
Data from: A treefrog with reproductive mode plasticity reveals a changing balance of selection for non-aquatic egg-laying
Non-aquatic reproduction has evolved repeatedly, but the factors that select for laying eggs on land are not well understood. The treefrog Dendropsophus ebraccatus has plasticity in reproductive mode, laying eggs that successfully develop in or out of water. This permits the first experimental comparison of the selective agents that shape adult oviposition behavior and embryo developmental capacity. I quantified the sources and strength of arboreal and aquatic egg mortality, how mortality varies with weather patterns, and assessed 39 years of daily rainfall patterns to infer historic levels of egg mortality and effects of climate change on the selective balance between aquatic and non-aquatic egg deposition. Aquatic predators and desiccation were the strongest selective agents in water and air, respectively. Egg mortality varied with weather such that aquatic oviposition was advantageous when rainfall was low, but laying eggs out of water increased survival when rainfall was high. Additionally, I found that since 1972 there have been significant changes in the patterns of rainfall in central Panama, which has altered the selective landscape acting on egg-laying behavior. This work provides insight into both the evolution and maintenance of adaptive phenotypic plasticity as well as historic and current selection on reproduction.
Data from: Oviposition site choice under conflicting risks demonstrates that aquatic predators drive terrestrial egg-laying
Laying eggs out of water was crucial to the transition to land and has evolved repeatedly in multiple animal phyla. However, testing hypotheses about this transition has been difficult because extant species only breed in one environment. The pantless treefrog, Dendropsophus ebraccatus, makes such tests possible because they lay both aquatic and arboreal eggs. Here, we test the oviposition site choices of D. ebraccatus under conflicting risks of arboreal egg desiccation and aquatic egg predation, thereby estimating the relative importance of each selective agent on reproduction. We also measured discrimination between habitats with and without predators and development of naturally laid aquatic and arboreal eggs. Aquatic embryos in nature developed faster than arboreal embryos, implying no cost to aquatic egg laying. In choice tests, D. ebraccatus avoided habitats with fish, showing that they can detect aquatic egg predators. Most importantly, D. ebraccatus laid most eggs in the water when faced with only desiccation risk, but switched to laying eggs arboreally when desiccation risk and aquatic predators were both present. This provides the first experimental evidence to our knowledge that aquatic predation risk influences non-aquatic oviposition and strongly supports the hypothesis that it was a driver of the evolution of terrestrial reproduction.
Fig. 5 in A new giant egg-laying onychophoran (Peripatopsidae) reveals evolutionary and biogeographical aspects of Australian velvet worms
Fig. 5 Colour pattern variation in Ooperipatellus nickmayeri sp. nov. Images of walking specimens in dorsal view (left) and detail of the corresponding colour pattern along the dorsal midline (right). In all
Fig. 4 in A new giant egg-laying onychophoran (Peripatopsidae) reveals evolutionary and biogeographical aspects of Australian velvet worms
Fig. 4 Karyotype of Ooperipatellus nickmayeri sp. nov. Light micrograph of mitotic chromosomes stained with Giemsa and sorted according to their size and morphology. Inset in the lower right corner
Fig. 3 in A new giant egg-laying onychophoran (Peripatopsidae) reveals evolutionary and biogeographical aspects of Australian velvet worms
Fig. 3 Features associated with female reproductive structures in Ooperipatellus nickmayeri sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs. In all images, the anterior orientation is at the top of the figure, with posterior at the bottom. a Posterior-most body region bearing a conspicuous ovipositor, which is characteristic of Ooperipatellus. b Detail of the
Fig. 7 in A new giant egg-laying onychophoran (Peripatopsidae) reveals evolutionary and biogeographical aspects of Australian velvet worms
Fig. 7 Cephalic structures in Ooperipatellus nickmayeri sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs. In all images, the anterior orientation is at the top of the figure, with posterior at the bottom. a Overview of the head. The lack of sclerotized/eversible head organs and/or modified head papillae is a characteristic feature of Ooperipatellus. Arrow points to remnant of ejected slime on the head of the specimen. b Detail of
Figure 5 in Habitat, egg-laying behaviour, eggs and tadpoles of four sympatric species of Pseudopaludicola (Anura, Leiuperidae)
Figure 5. Oral discs of the tadpoles of Pseudopaludicola and Physalaemus. (A) Pseudopaludicola saltica, (B) Pseudopaludicola mystacalis, (C) Pseudopaludicola ternetzi, (D) Most common pattern of Pseudopaludicola aff. canga, (E) Physalaemus cuvieri and (F) Physalaemus centralis. Specimens from Uberlândia, MG, Brasil. Diagrams and scale shown in Figure 4.
Figure 2 in Habitat, egg-laying behaviour, eggs and tadpoles of four sympatric species of Pseudopaludicola (Anura, Leiuperidae)
Figure 2. An egg clutch of Pseudopaludicola saltica. Individual eggs (arrows) can be seen as the spheres covered with sand grains. Scale about 15 mm.
Figure 1 in Habitat, egg-laying behaviour, eggs and tadpoles of four sympatric species of Pseudopaludicola (Anura, Leiuperidae)
Figure 1. Egg-releasing behaviour of two Pseudopaludicola species. Upper panel, an amplectant pair of Pseudopaludicola saltica. The female has her front and hind limbs extended and the male has his feet close to their cloacae; note also that the oviposited eggs are within a circle around the couple (arrows); the egg jelly layers were not yet hydrated. This couple was laying eggs in water about 5 mm deep. Lower panel, an amplectant pair of Pseudopaludicola mystacalis. The couple is completely underwater, the female has her hind legs a little bit extended and the male has his feet in close contact with their cloacae.
Figure 4 in Habitat, egg-laying behaviour, eggs and tadpoles of four sympatric species of Pseudopaludicola (Anura, Leiuperidae)
Figure 4. Diagram of the oral apparatuses of the studied Pseudopaludicola and Physalaemus tadpoles. (A) Pattern found in Pseudopaludicola saltica, Pseudopaludicola mystacalis, Pseudopaludicola ternetzi and a few Pseudopaludicola aff. canga. (B) Most common pattern found in most Pseudopaludicola aff. canga. (C) Pattern found in both Physalaemus cuvieri and Physalaemus centralis. Specimens from Uberlândia, MG, Brasil. Corresponding pictures in Figure 5.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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