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23 results for “electric organ discharge”
Figure 5 in Notes on the electric organ discharges (EODs) of four Mormyrus-species (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) from the Nilo-Sahelo-Sudan ichthyofaunal province of Africa
Figure 5. - Scatterplot of logarithmic total signal duration in µs versus logarithmic peak of fast Fourier transformation in Hz. Each symbol represents a single EOD from M. caschive (open triangle, n = 8), M. hasselquistii (open inverse triangle, n = 31), M. kannume (filled triangle, n = 3) and M. rume (filled inverse triangle, n = 7).
Figure 4 in Notes on the electric organ discharges (EODs) of four Mormyrus-species (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) from the Nilo-Sahelo-Sudan ichthyofaunal province of Africa
Figure 4. - Boxplots of selected signal characteristics. A: Total EOD duration in µs; B: Relative amplitude of main positive phase; C: Peak frequency of fast Fourier transformation in Hz.
Figure 3 in Notes on the electric organ discharges (EODs) of four Mormyrus-species (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) from the Nilo-Sahelo-Sudan ichthyofaunal province of Africa
Figure 3. - Exemplary AC coupled measurements of electric organ discharges (EODs) of Mormyrus species. A: M. caschive, 97 mm SL, White Nile at Kosti, Sudan. B: M. kannume, 169 mm SL, White Nile at Khartoum, Sudan. C: M. hasselquistii, 188 mm SL, Mare Diwouni, Pendjari National Park, Benin. D: M. rume, 230 mm SL, Ouémé at Kpoto, Benin.
Figure 2 in Notes on the electric organ discharges (EODs) of four Mormyrus-species (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) from the Nilo-Sahelo-Sudan ichthyofaunal province of Africa
Figure 2. - AC coupled measurement of electric organ discharge (EOD) of Mormyrus caschive (97 mm SL; White Nile at Kosti, Sudan) showing nomenclature of waveform characteristics as used in this study. m-POS = main positive phase; m-NEG = main negative phase; p-POS = posterior positive phase. Beginning and end of the signal is given by exceeding 1.5% of the total amplitude; beginning and end of phases within the signal by zero-crossings.
Figure 1 in Notes on the electric organ discharges (EODs) of four Mormyrus-species (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) from the Nilo-Sahelo-Sudan ichthyofaunal province of Africa
Figure 1. - Outline of the African continent showing sampling sites of the study. Only sampled river systems are displayed.
Ecologically mediated differences in electric organ discharge drive evolution in a sodium channel gene in South American electric fishes
<p>Active electroreception — the ability to detect objects and communicate with conspecifics via the detection and generation of electric organ discharges (EODs) — has evolved convergently in several fish lineages. South American electric fishes (Gymnotiformes) are a highly species-rich group, possibly in part due to evolution of an electric organ (EO) that produces diverse EODs. Neofunctionalization of a voltage-gated sodium channel accompanied the evolution of electrogenic tissue from muscle and resulted in a novel gene (scn4aa) uniquely expressed in the EO. Here, we investigate the link between variation in scn4aa and differences in EOD waveform. We combine gymnotiform scn4aa sequences encoding the C-terminus of the Nav1.4a protein with biogeographic data and EOD recordings. We test whether physiological transitions among EOD types accompany differential selection pressures on scn4aa. We found positive selection on scn4aa coincided with shifts in EOD types. Species that evolved in the absence of predators, which likely selected for reduced EOD complexity, exhibited increased scn4aa evolutionary rates. We model mutations in the protein that may underlie changes in protein function and discuss our findings in the context of gymnotiform signalling ecology. Together, this work sheds light on the selective forces underpinning major evolutionary transitions in electric signal production.</p>
Ecologically mediated differences in electric organ discharge drive evolution in a sodium channel gene in South American electric fishes
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FIGURE 5 in Electric organ discharges of South African Marcusenius species (Teleostei: Mormyridae) and their effectiveness as indicators of local species diversity
FIGURE 5. Male. Discriminant analysis (DA) of characters of the electric organ discharge (EOD) waveform of five male samples of South African Marcusenius species, compared to M. devosi specimens from Kenya (D symbols). B, S and P symbols, M. pongolensis specimens from different South African locations; K symbols, M. krameri. EOD waveform characters that were included in DA as given in Table 2, but Ndur excluded because of irrelevance in the male sample.
FIGURE 4 in Electric organ discharges of South African Marcusenius species (Teleostei: Mormyridae) and their effectiveness as indicators of local species diversity
FIGURE 4. Female. Discriminant analysis (DA) of characters of the electric organ discharge (EOD) waveform of five female plus juvenile samples of South African Marcusenius species, compared to M. devosi specimens from Kenya (D symbols). B, S and P symbols, M. pongolensis specimens from different South African locations; K symbols, M. krameri. EOD waveform characters that were included in DA as given in Table 3, but PNsep excluded because of irrelevance in the female sample.
FIGURE 2 in Electric organ discharges of South African Marcusenius species (Teleostei: Mormyridae) and their effectiveness as indicators of local species diversity
FIGURE 2. Electric organ discharge of a Marcusenius krameri with the positive peak amplitude normalized to 1 V, as an example for showing the characters analysed and their definitions. EOD shown was field-recorded from male specimen Mogol27 (ZSM 39535(7) from Mokolo River).
FIGURE 1. A in Electric organ discharges of South African Marcusenius species (Teleostei: Mormyridae) and their effectiveness as indicators of local species diversity
FIGURE 1. A, partial geography of southern Africa showing localities where fish were sampled. B, partial geography of South Africa. Locality 1, Tana River, Kenya, Marcusenius devosi. Locality 2, Mokolo River, M. krameri. Locality 3, Sabie River, M. pongolensis. Locality 4, Kosi Bay area, Kosi River system, M. pongolensis. Locality 5, Pongola River, M. pongolensis. Locality 6, Type locality for M. pongolensis. Locality 7, Mhlatuze River, M. caudisquamatus.
FIGURE 3 in Electric organ discharges of South African Marcusenius species (Teleostei: Mormyridae) and their effectiveness as indicators of local species diversity
FIGURE 3. Electric organ discharges (EOD) of a male bulldog (below) and a female specimen (above) in each panel. Abscissa, time bar is 2 ms for all panels, ordinate, amplitude (V). EODs are normalised to the same positive peak amplitude from baseline = 1 V. Kosi Bay, Marcusenius pongolensis from the Kosi System, specimens PM09A90 (female, SL 10.9 cm) and PM09A91 (male, SL 16.2 cm), SAIAB 88637(2). Sabie River, M. pongolensis, specimens 8Sabi (male, SL 13.4 cm) and 9Sabi (female, SL 12.3 cm), both SAIAB 54446(11). Pongola River, M. pongolensis, specimens Pon02 (male, SL 18 cm), SAIAB 79148(5), and Pon09 (female, SL 15.5 cm), ZSM 35087(5). Witrivier River, M. pongolensis, specimen Wit 02, male, SL 18 cm, and Wit 01, female, SL 9.9 cm, both SAIAB 88846(2). Tana River, M. devosi, specimens SAIAB 79139(14), Ta32na, male, SL 10.1 cm, and ZSM 35092, Ta11na, female, SL 11.2 cm. Mhlatuze River, M. caudisquamatus, specimen PM09A242, male, SL 17.5 cm, and PM09A238, female, SL 10.2 cm, both SAIAB 191225(6). Mokolo River, M. krameri, specimen Mogol27, ZSM 39535(7), male, SL 9 cm, and Mogol29, SAIAB 88888(15), female, SL 9.7 cm.
Figure 8 from: Sullivan J, Zuanon J, Cox Fernandes C (2013) Two new species and a new subgenus of toothed Brachyhypopomus electric knifefishes (Gymnotiformes, Hypopomidae) from the central Amazon and considerations pertaining to the evolution of a monophasic electric organ discharge. ZooKeys 327: 1-34. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.327.5427
Figure 8 - Paratypes of Brachyhypopomus bennetti sp. n. (top 3) and Brachyhypopomus walteri sp. n. (bottom 3) showing transparency of electric organ to transmitted light and comparative depth of the electric organ in the two species.
Figure 7 from: Sullivan J, Zuanon J, Cox Fernandes C (2013) Two new species and a new subgenus of toothed Brachyhypopomus electric knifefishes (Gymnotiformes, Hypopomidae) from the central Amazon and considerations pertaining to the evolution of a monophasic electric organ discharge. ZooKeys 327: 1-34. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.327.5427
Figure 7 - Paratypes of Brachyhypopomus bennetti. A Paratype tag no. 93-214 from INPA 39581 (TL 175 mm, LEA 150 mm), female, Lago Janauari, Amazonas, Brazil B Paratype tag no. 93-137, INPA 8940 (TL 190 mm, LEA 167 mm), Lago Janauari. Preserved whole specimens shown above close-up views of specimens immediately post-mortem. Scale bars equal 1 cm.
Figure 6 from: Sullivan J, Zuanon J, Cox Fernandes C (2013) Two new species and a new subgenus of toothed Brachyhypopomus electric knifefishes (Gymnotiformes, Hypopomidae) from the central Amazon and considerations pertaining to the evolution of a monophasic electric organ discharge. ZooKeys 327: 1-34. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.327.5427
Figure 6 - Holotype of Brachyhypopomus bennetti, INPA 39560 (TL 215 mm, LEA 171 mm), female, Paraná do Paracuúba, Amazonas, Brazil. Preserved whole specimen shown above close-up view of specimen immediately post-mortem. Scale bars equals 1 cm.
Figure 5 from: Sullivan J, Zuanon J, Cox Fernandes C (2013) Two new species and a new subgenus of toothed Brachyhypopomus electric knifefishes (Gymnotiformes, Hypopomidae) from the central Amazon and considerations pertaining to the evolution of a monophasic electric organ discharge. ZooKeys 327: 1-34. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.327.5427
Figure 5 - Distribution of examined specimens of Brachyhypopomus walteri sp. n. (blue circles) and Brachyhypopomus bennetti sp. n. (red diamonds). Common holotype locality for both species indicated by yellow star.
Figure 4 from: Sullivan J, Zuanon J, Cox Fernandes C (2013) Two new species and a new subgenus of toothed Brachyhypopomus electric knifefishes (Gymnotiformes, Hypopomidae) from the central Amazon and considerations pertaining to the evolution of a monophasic electric organ discharge. ZooKeys 327: 1-34. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.327.5427
Figure 4 - Paratypes of Brachyhypopomus walteri. A Paratype tag no. 93-55 from INPA 8880 (TL 164 mm, LEA 118 mm), sex undetermined, Ilha da Marchantaria, Rio Solimões, Amazonas, Brazil B Paratype tag no. 93-114 from INPA 8939 (TL 155 mm, LEA 125 mm), female, collected with holotype. Preserved whole specimens shown above close-up views of specimens immediately post-mortem. Scale bars equal 1 cm.
Figure 3 from: Sullivan J, Zuanon J, Cox Fernandes C (2013) Two new species and a new subgenus of toothed Brachyhypopomus electric knifefishes (Gymnotiformes, Hypopomidae) from the central Amazon and considerations pertaining to the evolution of a monophasic electric organ discharge. ZooKeys 327: 1-34. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.327.5427
Figure 3 - Holotype of Brachyhypopomus walteri, INPA 8941 (TL 163 mm, LEA 126 mm), sex undetermined, Paraná do Paracuúba, Amazonas, Brazil. Preserved whole specimen shown above close-up view of specimen immediately post-mortem. Scale bars equal 1 cm.
Figure 2 from: Sullivan J, Zuanon J, Cox Fernandes C (2013) Two new species and a new subgenus of toothed Brachyhypopomus electric knifefishes (Gymnotiformes, Hypopomidae) from the central Amazon and considerations pertaining to the evolution of a monophasic electric organ discharge. ZooKeys 327: 1-34. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.327.5427
Figure 2 - Electric organ discharge (EOD) waveforms of Brachyhypopomus walteri sp. n.and Brachyhypopomus bennetti sp. n. A EOD of holotype specimen of Brachyhypopomus walteri sp. n. B EODs of nine paratypes of Brachyhypopomus walteri sp. n. C EOD of holotype of Brachyhypopomus bennetti sp. n. D EODs of six paratypes of Brachyhypopomus bennetti sp. n. All are five millisecond traces with head positivity recorded upwards; water temperature between 21 and 23°C. Scale bars = 1 millisecond.
Figure 10 from: Sullivan J, Zuanon J, Cox Fernandes C (2013) Two new species and a new subgenus of toothed Brachyhypopomus electric knifefishes (Gymnotiformes, Hypopomidae) from the central Amazon and considerations pertaining to the evolution of a monophasic electric organ discharge. ZooKeys 327: 1-34. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.327.5427
Figure 10 - Effect of loss of caudal portion of body by predation on electric organ discharge (EOD) waveform in three species of Brachyhypopomus. Undamaged individuals indicated by black dots and black EOD trace, those with regenerating caudal body following substantial injury with red A Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus specimens 93-20 (above) and 93-25 (below) B Brachyhypopomus walteri paratypes 93-188/2 (above) and 93-187-1 (below). Damaged paratype 93-140 (blue trace) not shown C Brachyhypopomus bennetti paratypes 93-37/1 (above) and 93-37/3 (below). EODs shown with head positivity upwards and amplitude-normalized.
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