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22 results for “emergent trait”
Leaf reflectance and traits of floating and emergent macrophytes
<p>This dataset includes leaf samples from six floating and emergent macrophyte species common in temperate areas, covering different phenological stages, seasons, and environmental conditions, and measured leaf reflectance (400-2500 nm) and leaf traits (dealing with photophysiology, pigments, and structure). Data were collected along three years (2016-2018) from three temperate shallow lakes surrounded by wetlands and hosting abundant macrophyte communities, located in central and southern Europe: Lake Hídvégi or Kis-Balaton (Hungary), Mantua lakes system (Italy), and Lake Varese (Italy).</p> <p>Leaf photophysiological parameters derived from chlorophyll fluorescence measured with a PAM-2500 chlorophyll fluorometer (Heinz Walz GmbH, Germany).</p> <p>Leaf pigments were derived from spectrophotometric readings of absorbance of leaf extracts in acetone 80%.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Water the odds? Spring rainfall and emergence-related seed traits drive plant recruitment
<p>Recruitment of new individuals from seed is a critical component of plant community assembly and reassembly, especially in the context of ecosystem disturbance and recovery. While frameworks typically aim to predict how communities will be filtered on the basis of traits influencing established plant responses to the environment, assembly from seed is more complex: the responses of seeds (affected by dormancy and germination function) and establishing plants (affected by root and leaf function) can both influence outcomes within a single growing season. This creates a potential role for a more diverse set seed and seedling traits, and for environmental variability on shorter timescales (e.g., seasonal versus annual dynamics), than are typically considered. We followed thousands of individual seeds comprising eleven herbaceous grassland species through the first growing season, seeking to uncover critical environmental (precipitation amount and timing) and trait-based filters on seedling emergence and survival in assembling communities. We saw the biggest recruitment limitation when seeds failed to emerge, driven independently by a dry spring and interspecific variation in seed mass (positive effect) and seed dormancy (negative effect). Seedling survival rates were higher than emergence, with weaker predictive roles for traits like seedling root mass allocation (positive effect) and seed mass (positive under spring drought), and lesser impacts of summer rainfall on soil moisture and survival. Interestingly, most trait relationships were not conditional on rainfall, suggesting water-independent mechanisms of their respective advantages. Although recruitment is a complex process, our findings suggest that trait-based assembly frameworks can be a useful way to anticipate outcomes, particularly if dynamic early-stage conditions (e.g., spring rainfall) and attributes (e.g., seed dormancy) receive greater attention. Given the importance of recruitment for community turnover in the context of global change and land management efforts, this is an area ripe for continued expansion in trait-based and applied ecology.</p>
Data from: Water the odds? Spring rainfall and emergence-related seed traits drive plant recruitment
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Experimental evidence of warming-induced disease emergence and its prediction by a trait-based mechanistic model
<p>Predicting the effects of seasonality and climate change on the emergence and spread of infectious disease remains difficult, in part because of poorly understood connections between warming and the mechanisms driving disease. Trait-based mechanistic models combined with thermal performance curves arising from the Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE) have been highlighted as a promising approach going forward; however, this framework has not been tested under controlled experimental conditions that isolate the role of gradual temporal warming on disease dynamics and emergence. Here, we provide experimental evidence that a slowly warming host – parasite system can be pushed through a critical transition into an epidemic state. We then show that a trait-based mechanistic model with MTE functional forms can predict the critical temperature for disease emergence, subsequent disease dynamics through time, and final infection prevalence in an experimentally warmed system of <i>Daphnia </i>and a microsporidian parasite. Our results serve as a proof of principle that trait-based mechanistic models using MTE sub-functions can predict warming-induced disease emergence in data-rich systems – a critical step towards generalizing the approach to other systems.</p>
Data from: The role of inhibitory dynamics in the loss and re-emergence of macropodoid tooth traits
The reversibility of phenotypic evolution is likely to be strongly influenced by the ability of underlying developmental systems to generate ancestral traits. However, few studies have quantitatively linked these developmental dynamics to traits which re-evolve. In this study we assess how changes in the inhibitory cascade, a developmental system that regulates relative tooth size in mammals, influenced the loss and reversals of the posthypocristid, a molar tooth crest, in the kangaroo superfamily Macropodoidea. We find that posthypocristid loss is linked with reduced levels of posterior molar inhibition, potentially driven by selection for lophodont, higher-crowned molar teeth. There is strong support for two posthypocristid reversals, each occurring after more than 15 million years of absence, in large-bodied species of Macropus, and two giant extinct species of short-faced sthenurine kangaroo (Procoptodon). We find that whereas primitive posthypocristid expression is linked to higher levels of posterior molar inhibition, re-emergence is tied to a relative increase in third molar size associated with increasing body mass, producing molar phenotypes similar to those in mouse where the ectodysplasin pathway is up-regulated. We argue that although shifts in the inhibitory cascade may enable re-emergence, dietary ecology may limit the frequency of phylogenetic reversal.
Figure 4 in A new proterochampsid (Archosauriformes: Proterochampsia) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil and the emergence of archosaurian hind limb traits
Figure 4. Right tibia and fibula of Stenoscelida aurantiacus gen. et sp. nov. (CAPPA/UFSM 0293) in A, medial, B, anterior, C, proximal, D, *distal, E, posterior and F, lateral views. *Only fibula is visible in distal view. Abbreviations: cc, cnemial crest; fi, fibula; ift, iliofibularis tubercle; lc, lateral condyle; lg, lateral groove; pc, posterior condyle; t, tibia.
Figure 3 in A new proterochampsid (Archosauriformes: Proterochampsia) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil and the emergence of archosaurian hind limb traits
Figure 3. Right femur of Stenoscelida aurantiacus gen. et sp. nov. (CAPPA/UFSM 0293) in A, anterior, B, lateral, C, proximal, D, distal, E, medial and F, posterior views. Abbreviations: 4t, fourth trochanter; als, anterolateral scar; at, anterior trochanter; ctf, crita tibiofibularis; ef, externsor fossa; fh, femoral head; gt, greater trochanter; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; pf, popliteal fossa; pg, proximal groove; pt, posterior tuber.
Figure 1 in A new proterochampsid (Archosauriformes: Proterochampsia) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil and the emergence of archosaurian hind limb traits
Figure 1. Provenance of Stenoscelida aurantiacus gen. et sp. nov. (CAPPA/UFSM 0293). A, location and geological context of the Varzea do Agudo site (Agudo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; modified from Muller et al. 2020a); B, general view of the site; C, reconstruction of the skeleton of Stenoscelida aurantiacus gen. et sp. nov. (CAPPA/UFSM 0293) depicting the preserved elements.
Figure 5 in A new proterochampsid (Archosauriformes: Proterochampsia) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil and the emergence of archosaurian hind limb traits
Figure 5. Right pes of Stenoscelida aurantiacus gen. et sp. nov. (CAPPA/UFSM 0293) in A, medial, B, lateral and C, dorsal views. Abbreviations: a, astragalus; c, calcaneum; mt, metatarsal; ph, phalanx; t, tibia.
Figure 2 in A new proterochampsid (Archosauriformes: Proterochampsia) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil and the emergence of archosaurian hind limb traits
Figure 2. Holotype of Stenoscelida aurantiacus gen. et sp. nov. (CAPPA/UFSM 0293). Right hind limb in A, medial and B, lateral views. Abbreviations: 4t, fourth trochanter; a, astragalus; als, anterolateral scar; at, anterior trochanter; c, calcaneum; cc, cnemial crest; f, femur; fh, femoral head; fi, fibula; ift, iliofibularis tubercle; mc, medial condyle; mt, metatarsal; pf, popliteal fossa; ph, phalanx; t, tibia.
Figure 7 in A new proterochampsid (Archosauriformes: Proterochampsia) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil and the emergence of archosaurian hind limb traits
Figure 7. Plot of log10-transformed skull length versus log10-transformed femoral length of proterochampsids depicting (red dots) the estimated values for Cerritosaurus binsfeldi and Stenoscelida aurantiacus. Red dotted lines represent the 95% confidence intervals. Skulls modified from Ezcurra et al. (2021). Reconstructed head of Stenoscelida aurantiacus by Caio Fantini.
Figure 6 in A new proterochampsid (Archosauriformes: Proterochampsia) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil and the emergence of archosaurian hind limb traits
Figure 6. Results of the phylogenetic analysis depicting the position of Stenoscelida aurantiacus. A, time-calibrated reduced strict consensus tree (number on nodes represent Bremer support values higher than 1); B, strict consensus tree depicting the occurrence and distribution of the anterior trochanter (at) and the anterolateral scar (als) in the proximal portion of the femora of some panarchosaurs. Femora of Tanystropheus sp. (Tanystropheidae; PIMUZ A/III 771; Spiekman & Scheyer 2019), Malerisaurus-like (Allokotosauria; TMM 31025-265; Nesbitt et al. 2022), Hyperodapedon sp. (Rhynchosauria; CAPPA/UFSM 0206), Prolacerta broomi (Prolacertidae; UWBM 95529; Spiekman 2018), Garjainia prima (Erythrosuchidae; PIN 951/61-1; Maidment et al. 2020), Stenoscelida aurantiacus (Proterochampsidae; CAPPA/UFSM 0293); Mystriosuchus steinbergeri (Phytosauria; NHMW 1986/0024/ 0012; Butler et al. 2019), Dynamosuchus collisensis (Ornithosuchidae; CAPPA/UFSM 0248); Archeopelta arborensis (Erpetosuchidae; CPEZ-239a; Desojo et al. 2011), Aetosauroides scagliai (Aetosauria; ULBRA-PVT-003; Roberto-da-Silva et al. 2014), Prestosuchus chiniquensis (Loricata; ULBRA-PVT-281; Roberto-da-Silva et al. 2020); Teleocrater rhadinus (Aphanosauria; NHMUK PV R6795; Nesbitt et al. 2017), Dromomeron romeri (Lagerpetiae; GR 1308; Griffin et al. 2019); Raeticodactylus filisurensis (Pterosauria; BNM 14524; Ezcurra et al. 2020a); Asilisaurus kongwe (Silesauridae; cast of NMT RB159), Buriolestes schultzi (Dinosauria; CAPPA/UFSM 0035).
Data from: The role of inhibitory dynamics in the loss and re-emergence of macropodoid tooth traits
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Data from: Invasion complexity at large spatial scales is an emergent property of interactions among landscape characteristics and invader traits
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Experimental evidence of warming-induced disease emergence and its prediction by a trait-based mechanistic model
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Data: Experimental evidence of warming-induced disease emergence and its prediction by a trait-based mechanistic model
<p>Predicting the effects of seasonality and climate change on the emergence and spread of infectious disease remains difficult, in part because of poorly understood connections between warming and the mechanisms driving disease. Trait-based mechanistic models combined with thermal performance curves arising from the Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE) have been highlighted as a promising approach going forward; however, this framework has not been tested under controlled experimental conditions that isolate the role of gradual temporal warming on disease dynamics and emergence. Here, we provide experimental evidence that a slowly warming host – parasite system can be pushed through a critical transition into an epidemic state. We then show that a trait-based mechanistic model with MTE functional forms can predict the critical temperature for disease emergence, subsequent disease dynamics through time, and final infection prevalence in an experimentally warmed system of <i>Daphnia </i>and a microsporidian parasite. Our results serve as a proof of principle that trait-based mechanistic models using MTE sub-functions can predict warming-induced disease emergence in data-rich systems – a critical step towards generalizing the approach to other systems.</p>
Data from: Coevolution drives the emergence of complex traits and promotes evolvability
The evolution of complex organismal traits is obvious as a historical fact, but the underlying causes—including the role of natural selection—are contested. Gould argued that a random walk from a necessarily simple beginning would produce the appearance of increasing complexity over time. Others contend that selection, including coevolutionary arms races, can systematically push organisms toward more complex traits. Methodological challenges have largely precluded experimental tests of these hypotheses. Using the Avida platform for digital evolution, we show that coevolution of hosts and parasites greatly increases organismal complexity relative to that otherwise achieved. As parasites evolve to counter the rise of resistant hosts, parasite populations retain a genetic record of past coevolutionary states. As a consequence, hosts differentially escape by performing progressively more complex functions. We show that coevolution's unique feedback between host and parasite frequencies is a key process in the evolution of complexity. Strikingly, the hosts evolve genomes that are also more phenotypically evolvable, similar to the phenomenon of contingency loci observed in bacterial pathogens. Because coevolution is ubiquitous in nature, our results support a general model whereby antagonistic interactions and natural selection together favor both increased complexity and evolvability.
Data from: Coevolution drives the emergence of complex traits and promotes evolvability
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Data: Experimental evidence of warming-induced disease emergence and its prediction by a trait-based mechanistic model
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Data from: Intraspecific variations in life history traits of two pecky rice bug species from Japan: mapping emergence dates and number of annual generations
<p>The mirid bugs Stenotus rubrovittatus and Trigonotylus caelestialium, which cause pecky rice, have become a threat to rice cultivation in Asia. Damage caused by these pests has rapidly become frequent since around 2000 in Japan. Their expansion pattern is not simple, and predicting their future spread remains challenging. Some insects with wide ranges have locally adapted variations in life-history traits. We performed laboratory rearing experiments to assess the geographical scale of intraspecific variations in life-history traits of S. rubrovittatus and T. caelestialium. The experiments were aimed at increasing the accuracy of occurrence estimates and the number of generations per year. These results were compared with previous research, and differences in development rates were observed between populations of different latitudes, but not of the same latitude. Finally, plotting the timing of adult emergence and the potential number of generations per year on maps with a 5-km grid revealed that they differed greatly locally at the same latitude. These maps can be used for developing more efficient methods of managing mirid bugs in integrated pest management.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.