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Figure 4 in Larval development and emigration behaviour during sea-to-land transition of the land hermit crab Coenobita brevimanus Dana, 1852 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Coenobitidae) under laboratory conditions

Figure 4. Coenobita brevimanus, second zoea: (A) antennule; (B) antenna; (C) mandibles; (D) maxillule; (E) maxilla; (F) first maxilliped; (G) second maxilliped; (H) third maxilliped; (I) telson. Scale bars: 100 μm (A–C, F–I) or 50 μm (D, E).

Figure 1 in Larval development and emigration behaviour during sea-to-land transition of the land hermit crab Coenobita brevimanus Dana, 1852 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Coenobitidae) under laboratory conditions

Figure 1. Numbers of larvae of Coenobita brevimanus reared individually in the laboratory. (A) Brood 1, hatched on 31 July 2008; (B) brood 2, hatched on 13 July 2010. Z1–Z4, first to fourth zoeae; MG, megalopa. Five specimens of each zoeal and megalopal stage were sampled from each brood.

Figure 5 in Larval development and emigration behaviour during sea-to-land transition of the land hermit crab Coenobita brevimanus Dana, 1852 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Coenobitidae) under laboratory conditions

Figure 5. Coenobita brevimanus, third zoea: (A) antennule; (B) antenna; (C) mandibles; (D) maxillule; (E) maxilla; (F) first maxilliped; (G) second maxilliped; (H) third maxilliped; (I) telson. Scale bars: 100 μm (A–C, F–I) or 50 μm (D, E).

Figure 2 in Larval development and emigration behaviour during sea-to-land transition of the land hermit crab Coenobita brevimanus Dana, 1852 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Coenobitidae) under laboratory conditions

Figure 2. Coenobita brevimanus, whole animals. Dorsal view: (A) first zoea; (B) second zoea; (C) third zoea; (D) fourth zoea; (E) megalopa. Lateral view: (F) first zoea; (G) second zoea; (H) third zoea; (I) fourth zoea. Scale bar: 1.0 mm.

Figure 10 in Larval development and emigration behaviour during sea-to-land transition of the land hermit crab Coenobita brevimanus Dana, 1852 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Coenobitidae) under laboratory conditions

Figure 10. The proportions of Coenobita brevimanus carrying three different sizes of gastropod shells. The small (S) and large (L) gastropod shells were Littoraria undulata and the medium (M) size shell was Littorina brevicula.

Figure 3 in Larval development and emigration behaviour during sea-to-land transition of the land hermit crab Coenobita brevimanus Dana, 1852 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Coenobitidae) under laboratory conditions

Figure 3. Coenobita brevimanus, first zoea: (A) antennule; (B) antenna; (C) mandibles; (D) maxillule; (E) maxilla; (F) first maxilliped; (G) second maxilliped; (H) third maxilliped; (I) telson. Scale bars: 100 μm (A–C, F, G, I), or 50 μm (D, E, H).

Figure 3. A in The emigration of peoples from the area of Western Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Balkans civil conflict and implications for the Avifauna (Case study Pašića polje at Bosansko Grahovo)

Figure 3. A) The settlements located between arable land and pastures. B) Pastures – landscapes in which livestock grazing co-occurs with scattered trees and shrubs

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

ATTITUDE OF CONSERVATIVE THINKERS OF THE RUSSIAN EMIGRATION OF THE XX CENTURY TO SOCIALIST IDEAS

The article presents the criticism of conservative representatives of the Russian emigration of the XX century of socialist ideas and the practice of their realization. The falsehood of the postulate of universal equality of people in society is considered. The influence of socialist regimes on the bureaucratization of socio-economic and cultural life of society and suppression of private initiative is studied. The propensity of socialist regimes to establish totalitarianism in society with control over the individual is studied. The authors characterize the communist regime in the USSR and its continuity from the Russian Empire and forecast the future collapse of the socialist system and the consequences for post-communist Russia.

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Data for: Emigration and survival correlate with different precipitation metrics throughout a grassland songbird's annual cycle

Many exogenous factors may influence demographic rates (i.e., births, deaths, immigration, emigration), particularly for migratory birds that must cope with variable weather and habitat throughout their range and annual cycle. In midcontinental grasslands, disturbance (e.g., fire and grazing) and precipitation influence variation in grassland structure and function, but we know little about when and why precipitation is associated with grassland species' vital rates. We related estimates of detection, survival, and emigration to a priori sets of precipitation metrics to test the putative alternative factors influencing movement and mortality in grasshopper sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum). This species is a migratory songbird that exhibits exceptionally high rates of within-season and between-season dispersal. Between 2013 and 2020, we captured and resighted grasshopper sparrows in northeastern Kansas, USA, compiling capture histories for 1,332 adult males. We tested predictions of climatic hypotheses explaining variation in survival and emigration throughout a grasshopper sparrow's annual cycle; both survival and emigration were associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation precipitation index (ESPI). Survival was positively related with ESPI during winter, and temporary emigration was curvilinearly related to breeding season ESPI lagged 2 years, with the highest site fidelity associated with intermediate rainfall values. The relationship between rainfall and temporary emigration likely reflects the influence of weather over multiple years on vegetation structure with consequent effects on local demography. This study provides compelling support for the idea that grassland species respond to high interannual variability by adopting dispersal strategies unlike those of many well-studied migrant birds. Furthermore, the results imply that the consequences of increasing climatic extremes may not be immediately apparent, with demographic consequences lasting for at least a few years.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

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Data for: Emigration and survival correlate with different precipitation metrics throughout a grassland songbird's annual cycle

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publicMar 2023View details →

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Data from: Distinguishing distribution dynamics from temporary emigration using dynamic occupancy models

1. Dynamic occupancy models are popular for estimating dynamic distribution rates (colonization and extinction) from repeated presence/absence surveys of unmarked animals. This approach assumes closure among repeated samples within primary periods, allowing estimation of dynamic rates between these periods. However, the impact of temporary emigration (reversible changes in sampling availability) on dynamic rate estimates, has not been tested. 2. Using simulated data, we investigated the degree to which temporary emigration could mislead researchers interested in quantifying dynamics. We then compared results from three avian point count datasets to evaluate the likelihood that temporary emigration confounds estimates of dynamics for 19 species under a popular sampling protocol. 3. Simulated experiments indicated that when secondary periods were open to temporary emigration, presence of dynamics was correctly identified ≥ 95.1% of the time, and dynamic rate estimates were accurate. However, dynamic rate estimates were biased when secondary periods were closed to temporary emigration. In empirical datasets, dynamic occupancy models had greater support than closed models for all species when secondary sampling periods occurred in immediate succession (i.e., 3 samples within 10 minutes); however, our results suggest that this is because these estimates were heavily influenced by temporary emigration. When counts within a primary period were separated by 24-48 hours, we found evidence of dynamics for less than half of these species. We recommend an alternative sampling approach that allows accurate estimation of dynamic rates when temporary emigration is of no interest, and introduce a novel model for estimating both processes simultaneously in rare cases where they are both of biological interest. 4. Concern for violating the occupancy modeling closure assumption has led to widespread recommendations that samples within primary periods be conducted extremely close in time. However, this may not be the best approach when interest is in quantifying dynamic rates. While dynamic occupancy models provide estimates of 'colonization' and 'extinction,' these values do not inherently represent dynamics unless temporary emigration has been explicitly modeled, or accounted for with sampling design. Naiveté to this fact can result in incorrect conclusions about biological processes.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Figure 5 in The emigration of peoples from the area of Western Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Balkans civil conflict and implications for the Avifauna (Case study Pašića polje at Bosansko Grahovo)

Figure 5. Abundance of P. domesticus and P. pica in the second period.

Figure 4 in The emigration of peoples from the area of Western Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Balkans civil conflict and implications for the Avifauna (Case study Pašića polje at Bosansko Grahovo)

Figure 4. Central part of Pašića polje (third locality).

Figure 2 in The emigration of peoples from the area of Western Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Balkans civil conflict and implications for the Avifauna (Case study Pašića polje at Bosansko Grahovo)

Figure 2. Settlements in the village Luka.

Figure 6 in The emigration of peoples from the area of Western Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Balkans civil conflict and implications for the Avifauna (Case study Pašića polje at Bosansko Grahovo)

Figure 6. Abundance of P. domesticus and E. citrinella in the frst period (the village Luka).