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102 results for “encrustation”
Text-fig. 3. Mastixia parva E.REID et M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 22972. a: Ventral view (original illustration from pl. 25, fig. 13 of Reid and Chandler 1933), reflected light. b–g: from micro-CT data. b: Dorsal view of specimen in (a) now suffering from encrustation due to pyrite decay; isosurface rendering. c: Translucent volume rendering, dorsal view showing two limbs of the locule and longitudinal groove. d–g: Digital transverse sections at various positions showing c-shaped locule, longitudinal dorsal infold, endocarp wall, and degradational cracks. h, i: V. 22983(1). h: Dorsal view showing longitudinal infold. i: Physical transverse section showing c-shaped locule and longitudinal dorsal infold. Scale bars 5 mm in (a–h), applies also to (b–g), 2 mm in (i). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision
Text-fig. 3. Mastixia parva E.REID et M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 22972. a: Ventral view (original illustration from pl. 25, fig. 13 of Reid and Chandler 1933), reflected light. b–g: from micro-CT data. b: Dorsal view of specimen in (a) now suffering from encrustation due to pyrite decay; isosurface rendering. c: Translucent volume rendering, dorsal view showing two limbs of the locule and longitudinal groove. d–g: Digital transverse sections at various positions showing c-shaped locule, longitudinal dorsal infold, endocarp wall, and degradational cracks. h, i: V. 22983(1). h: Dorsal view showing longitudinal infold. i: Physical transverse section showing c-shaped locule and longitudinal dorsal infold. Scale bars 5 mm in (a–h), applies also to (b–g), 2 mm in (i).
Fig. 5 in Trepostome bryozoans encrusting Silurian gastropods: A taphonomic window and its implications for biodiversity
Fig. 5. Thin sections of trepostome bryozoan Homotrypa cochlea sp. nov. from Upper Leintwardine Formation, Ludfordian, upper Ludlow, Silurian; Delbury Quarry, Shropshire, UK. A. Holotype, NMW 2019.21G.2.3, ramose colony form (A1), thick mesozooecia walls connected by diaphragms, continue cystose shape of earlier growth (A2). B. NMW 2019.21G.2.4, autozooecia rounded in cross-section, some irregularly shaped.
Fig. 4 in Trepostome bryozoans encrusting Silurian gastropods: A taphonomic window and its implications for biodiversity
Fig. 4. Thin section of trepostome bryozoan Homotrypa cochlea sp. nov. from Upper Leintwardine Formation, Ludfordian, upper Ludlow; Delbury Quarry, Shropshire, UK. Holotype, NMW 2019.21G.2.3, bryozoan colony encrusting gastropod shell and developing ramose form at shell aperture.
Fig. 2 in Trepostome bryozoans encrusting Silurian gastropods: A taphonomic window and its implications for biodiversity
Fig. 2. Trepostome bryozoan Homotrypa cochlea sp. nov. from Upper Leintwardine Formation; Ludfordian, upper Ludlow, Silurian; Delbury Quarry, Shropshire, UK. A. NMW 2019.21G.7.1, bryozoan encrusting the surface of a gastropod shell. B. NMW 2019.21G.33, bryozoan encrusting the surface of a gastropod shell but not growing across aperture.
Fig. 1 in Trepostome bryozoans encrusting Silurian gastropods: A taphonomic window and its implications for biodiversity
Fig. 1. Map showing the location and geological setting (asterisk) of Delbury Quarry in Shropshire, UK (amended from https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/roam/ map/geology and https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/roam/map/os; accessed 05/08/21).
Fig.9 in Palaeoecological significance of coral-encrusting foraminiferan associations: A case-study from the Upper Eocene of northern Italy
Fig.9.Diagram showing the percentages of flat versus globose morphotypes of encrusting foraminiferans within Facies 1, Facies 2, and Facies 3.
Fig.8 in Palaeoecological significance of coral-encrusting foraminiferan associations: A case-study from the Upper Eocene of northern Italy
Fig.8.Encrusting foraminiferans of Facies 3. A.IPUM 27832, Solenomeris sp.encrusting the lower surface of the coral Actinacis rollei. B.IPUM 27833, Carpenteria sp.encrusting the upper surface of the coral Actinacisrollei. C.IPUM 27834, Acervulinalinearis Hanzawa, 1947 encrusting the upper surface of the coral Actinacisrollei. D.IPUM 27835, foralgal crust with Miniacina sp.1 on the upper surface of the coral Actinacisrollei. E.IPUM 27836, foralgal crust with Planorbulina aff. uva Scheibner, 1968 (a), Miniacina aff. multiformis Scheibner, 1968 (b), and Victoriellidae (c) on the upper surface of the coral Acropora. F.IPUM 27837, foralgal crust with Miniacina aff. multiformis Scheibner, 1968 on the upper surface of the coral Astreoporatecta.Scale bar 1 mm.
Fig. 3 in Palaeoecological significance of coral-encrusting foraminiferan associations: A case-study from the Upper Eocene of northern Italy
Fig. 3. Encrusting foraminiferans recognized in the Nago section and their relative abundance within Facies 1, Facies 2, and Facies 3.
Fig.2. A in Palaeoecological significance of coral-encrusting foraminiferan associations: A case-study from the Upper Eocene of northern Italy
Fig.2. A.The portion of the Nago Limestone type section corresponding to the second major cycle.Minor cycles and facies types are also indicated (from Bosellini 1998). B.Model of the uppermost shallowing−upward parasequence showing distribution of facies types along the Nago Limestone shelf−edge.
Fig.1. A in Palaeoecological significance of coral-encrusting foraminiferan associations: A case-study from the Upper Eocene of northern Italy
Fig.1. A.Palaeogeographic reconstruction of the Lessini Shelf: 1) deep−water mudstones of the surrounding Jurassic basins; 2) Palaeogene lagoon and shelf−edge reefs; 3) Palaeogene pelagic claystones and marlstones (modified from Bosellini 1989). B.Location map of the study area with indication of the Nago Limestone type section (II° major cycle) (from Bosellini 1998).
Fig.6 in Palaeoecological significance of coral-encrusting foraminiferan associations: A case-study from the Upper Eocene of northern Italy
Fig.6.Diagram showing the percentages of isolated encrusting foramini − feran specimens versus foralgal crusts and their preferential attachment surface within Facies 1, Facies 2, and Facies 3.
Fig.4 in Palaeoecological significance of coral-encrusting foraminiferan associations: A case-study from the Upper Eocene of northern Italy
Fig.4.Relative abundance of the different groups of encrusting foraminiferans (families and suborders) within Facies 1 (A), Facies 2 (B), and Facies 3 (C).
Fig.5 in Palaeoecological significance of coral-encrusting foraminiferan associations: A case-study from the Upper Eocene of northern Italy
Fig.5.Encrusting foraminiferans of Facies 1. A.IPUM 27825, foralgal crust with Placopsilina sp. (a) and Miniacina aff. multiformis Scheibner, 1968 (b) on the upper surface of the coral Cyathoseris. B. IPUM 27826, Miniacina sp. 1 encrusting the lower surface of the coral Cyathoseris. Scale bar 1 mm.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Dirt-encrusted and dragon millipedes (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae) from Queensland, Australia.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Dirt-encrusted and dragon millipedes (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae) from Queensland, Australia". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/8c531d6d-9d32-49fd-8449-12126dac1d5c">https://bionomia.net/dataset/8c531d6d-9d32-49fd-8449-12126dac1d5c</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/8c531d6d-9d32-49fd-8449-12126dac1d5c">https://gbif.org/dataset/8c531d6d-9d32-49fd-8449-12126dac1d5c</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Text-fig. 1. Megastriae and post mortem epicoles on Tragoceras falcatum (SCHLOTHEIM, 1820). Arrows and M1–M3 indicate megastriae, bryozoan colonies are indicated by B1 and B2. a: GIT 819-1, left lateral view; b: body chamber of GIT 819-1, dorsal view; c: body chamber of GIT 819-1, left lateral view; d: GIT 819-1, right lateral view; e: PIMUZ 37299, right lateral view; f: detail of the body chamber of GIT 819-1, right lateral view, encrusted by bryozoans; g: bryozoan colony with Trypanites borings growing on an older bryozoan crust GIT 819-1. Specimens oriented with aperture downwards. Scale bars 10 mm. in Conch Structures, Soft-Tissue Imprints And Taphonomy Of The Middle Ordovician Cephalopod Tragoceras Falcatum From Estonia
Text-fig. 1. Megastriae and post mortem epicoles on Tragoceras falcatum (SCHLOTHEIM, 1820). Arrows and M1–M3 indicate megastriae, bryozoan colonies are indicated by B1 and B2. a: GIT 819-1, left lateral view; b: body chamber of GIT 819-1, dorsal view; c: body chamber of GIT 819-1, left lateral view; d: GIT 819-1, right lateral view; e: PIMUZ 37299, right lateral view; f: detail of the body chamber of GIT 819-1, right lateral view, encrusted by bryozoans; g: bryozoan colony with Trypanites borings growing on an older bryozoan crust GIT 819-1. Specimens oriented with aperture downwards. Scale bars 10 mm.
Text-fig. 7. a. Worn section through a horizontally bedded body-chamber and phragmocone, body-chamber showing oyster attached to inside of aperture as well as burrow mottling. Tape measure provides scale. b. Body-chamber and crushed phragmocone with body-chamber and phragmocone entirely filled with bioturbated matrix containing stringers of crinoid and molluscan debris. Flank of phragmocone encrusted by oysters. Tape measure for scale. c. Complex of Thallassinoides and Diplocraterion burrows associated with conch that has been eroded out by wave action. A few 'Ghostly' fragments of ammonite are also present. Original scope of the image approximately 400 mm. c. Verically embedded conch with largely intact septa and camera infilled with burrowed matrix containing crinoid debris. Tape measure for scale. in 'Cenoceras Islands' In The Blue Lias Formation (Lower Jurassic) Of West Somerset, Uk: Nautilid Dominance And Influence On Benthic Faunas
Text-fig. 7. a. Worn section through a horizontally bedded body-chamber and phragmocone, body-chamber showing oyster attached to inside of aperture as well as burrow mottling. Tape measure provides scale. b. Body-chamber and crushed phragmocone with body-chamber and phragmocone entirely filled with bioturbated matrix containing stringers of crinoid and molluscan debris. Flank of phragmocone encrusted by oysters. Tape measure for scale. c. Complex of Thallassinoides and Diplocraterion burrows associated with conch that has been eroded out by wave action. A few 'Ghostly' fragments of ammonite are also present. Original scope of the image approximately 400 mm. c. Verically embedded conch with largely intact septa and camera infilled with burrowed matrix containing crinoid debris. Tape measure for scale.
Text-fig. 8. a. Shell belonging to one flank of the conch a horizontally bedded individual with sveral large oysters attached to its underside indicating that the shell was either originally vertical or was flipped from one surface to the other by turbulance. Approximately 300 mm across. b. Crushed individual showing oysters encrusting both flanks of the conch. 250 mm in diameter. c. Wave-worn conch showing oysters attached to the umbilicus, the venter and possibly the inside of the body-chamber. Tape measure for scale. d. Flank of conch with crinoid debris and oysters spread around its periphery. Scope of image approximately 350 mm. in 'Cenoceras Islands' In The Blue Lias Formation (Lower Jurassic) Of West Somerset, Uk: Nautilid Dominance And Influence On Benthic Faunas
Text-fig. 8. a. Shell belonging to one flank of the conch a horizontally bedded individual with sveral large oysters attached to its underside indicating that the shell was either originally vertical or was flipped from one surface to the other by turbulance. Approximately 300 mm across. b. Crushed individual showing oysters encrusting both flanks of the conch. 250 mm in diameter. c. Wave-worn conch showing oysters attached to the umbilicus, the venter and possibly the inside of the body-chamber. Tape measure for scale. d. Flank of conch with crinoid debris and oysters spread around its periphery. Scope of image approximately 350 mm.
FIGURE 20. Competitive interactions between bryozoans and the encrusting foraminiferan Planorbulina larvata. A. P in Taxonomy and diversity of coelobite bryozoans from drift coral cobbles on Co To Island, northern Vietnam
FIGURE 20. Competitive interactions between bryozoans and the encrusting foraminiferan Planorbulina larvata. A. P. larvata forming stand-off with Scorpiodinipora costulata (upper part) and overgrowing the latter (lower part), VNMN-0254. B. P. larvata overgrowing Antropora minor, VNMN-0218. C. P. larvata overgrowing Torquatella imperforata, VNMN-0252. D. Founding chamber of P. larvata settled on margin of Parasmittina parsevalioidea colony, VNMN-0231. E. Stand-off between P. larvata and Scorpiodinipora costulata, VNMN-0254. F. P. larvata settled on Disporella phaohoa n. sp. colony, VNMN-0256. G. P. larvata settled on Plesiocleidochasma porcellaniforme, VNMN-0256. H. Metroperiella cotoensis n. sp. beginning to overgrow P. larvata, VNMN-0238. Scale bars: D, 150 µm; all others, 1 mm.
Data from: Temporal dynamics of encrusting communities during the Late Devonian: a case study from the Central Devonian Field, Russia
In this study we focused on the dynamics of encrusting assemblages preserved on brachiopod hosts collected from upper Frasnian and lower Famennian deposits of the Central Devonian Field, Russia. Because the encrusted brachiopods come from deposits bracketing the Frasnian/Famennian (F/F) boundary, the results also shed some light on ecological differences in encrusting communities before and after the Frasnian–Famennian (F-F) event. To explore the diversity dynamics of encrusting assemblages, we analyzed more than 1300 brachiopod valves (substrates) from two localities. Taxon accumulation plots and shareholder quorum subsampling (SQS) routines indicated that a reasonably small sample of brachiopod host valves (n=50) is sufficient to capture the majority of the encrusting genera recorded at a given site. The richness of encrusters per substrate declined simultaneously with the number of encrusting taxa in the lower Famennian, accompanied by a decrease in epibiont abundance, with a comparable decrease in mean encrustation intensity (percentage of bioclasts encrusted by one or more epibionts). Epibiont abundance and occupancy roughly mirror each other. Strikingly, few ecological characteristics are correlated with substrate size, possibly reflecting random settlement of larvae. Evenness, which is negatively correlated with substrate size, shows greater within-stage variability among samples than between Frasnian and Famennian intervals and may indicate the instability of early Famennian biocenoses following the faunal turnover. The occurrence distribution of encrusters points to nonrandom associations and exclusions among several encrusting taxa. However, abundance and occupancy of microconchids remained relatively stable throughout the sampled time interval. The notable decline in abundance (~60%) and relatively minor decline in diversity (~30%) suggest jointly that encrusting communities experienced ecological collapse rather than a major mass extinction event. The differences between the upper Frasnian and lower Famennian encrusting assemblages may thus record a turnover associated with the F-F event.
Data from: A NGS approach to the encrusting Mediterranean sponge Crella elegans (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida): transcriptome sequencing, characterization and overview of the gene expression along three life cycle stages
Sponges can be dominant organisms in many marine and freshwater habitats where they play essential ecological roles. They also represent a key group to address important questions in early metazoan evolution. Recent approaches for improving knowledge on sponge biological and ecological functions as well as on animal evolution have focused on the genetic toolkits involved in ecological responses to environmental changes (biotic and abiotic), development and reproduction. These approaches are possible thanks to newly available, massive sequencing technologies–such as the Illumina platform, which facilitate genome and transcriptome sequencing in a cost-effective manner. Here we present the first NGS (next-generation sequencing) approach to understanding the life cycle of an encrusting marine sponge. For this we sequenced libraries of three different life cycle stages of the Mediterranean sponge Crella elegans and generated de novo transcriptome assemblies. Three assemblies were based on sponge tissue of a particular life cycle stage, including non-reproductive tissue, tissue with sperm cysts and tissue with larvae. The fourth assembly pooled the data from all three stages. By aggregating data from all the different life cycle stages we obtained a higher total number of contigs, contigs with blast hit and annotated contigs than from one stage-based assemblies. In that multi-stage assembly we obtained a larger number of the developmental regulatory genes known for metazoans than in any other assembly. We also advance the differential expression of selected genes in the three life cycle stages to explore the potential of RNA-seq for improving knowledge on functional processes along the sponge life cycle.
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