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12 results for “energy trade-off”
Energetic limits: Defining the bounds and trade-offs of successful energy management in a capital breeder
<p>1. Judicious management of energy can be invaluable for animal survival and reproductive success. Capital breeding mammals typically transfer energy to their young at extremely high rates while undergoing prolonged fasting, making lactation a tremendously energy demanding period. Effective management of the competing demands of the mother's energy needs and those of her offspring is presumably fundamental to maximising lifetime reproductive success.</p> <p>2. How does the mother maximise her chances of successfully rearing her pup, by ensuring that both her pup and herself have sufficient energy during this 'energetic fast'? While energy management models were first discussed in the 1990s, application of this analytical technique is still very much in its infancy. Recent work suggests that a broad range of species exhibit 'energy compensation'; during periods when they expend more energy on activity, their bodies partially compensate by reducing background (basal) metabolic rate as an adaptation to limit overall energy expenditure. However, the value of energy management models in understanding animal ecology is presently unclear.</p> <p>3. We investigate whether energy management models provide insights into the breeding strategy of phocid seals. Not only do we expect lactating seals to display energy compensation because of their breeding strategy of high energy transfer while fasting, but we anticipate that mothers exhibiting a lack of energy compensation are less likely to rear offspring successfully.</p> <p>4. On the Isle of May in Scotland, we collected heart rate data as a proxy for energy expenditure in 52 known individual grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) mothers, repeatedly across three years of breeding. We provide evidence that grey seal mothers typically exhibit energy compensation during lactation by down-regulating their background metabolic rate to limit daily energy expenditure during periods when other energy costs are relatively high. However, individuals that fail to energy compensate during the lactation period are more likely to end lactation earlier than expected.</p> <p>5. Our study is the first to demonstrate the importance of energy compensation to an animal's reproductive expenditure. Moreover, our multi-seasonal data indicate that environmental stressors may reduce the capacity of some individuals to follow the energy compensation strategy. </p>
Energetic limits: Defining the bounds and trade-offs of successful energy management in a capital breeder
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Resource gradients create energy trade-offs in the inducible defense response of <em>Paramecium aurelia</em>
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Data from: When do trade-offs occur? The roles of energy constraints and trait flexibility in a bushcricket
In many animal species, the expression of sexually-selected traits is negatively correlated with survival traits such as immune function, a relationship termed a 'trade-off'. But an alternative in which sexually-selected traits are positively correlated with survival traits is also widespread. The nature of inter-trait relationships may be largely determined by overall energy expenditure, energy availability, and trait flexibility, with trade-offs expected when individuals are subject to energy constraints. We tested this hypothesis in Ephippiger diurnus, a European bushcricket in which males are distinguished by two prominent sexually-selected traits, acoustic calls and a large spermatophore transferred to the female at mating, and where immune function may be critical in survival. E. diurnus are distributed as small, isolated populations that are differentiated genetically and behaviorally. We analyzed songs, spermatophores, and the immune function in male individuals from eight populations spanning a range of song types. As predicted, we only found trade-offs in those populations that expended more energy on song and were less flexible in their ability to adjust that expenditure. Ultimately, energy constraints and resulting trade-offs may limit the evolution of song exaggeration in E. diurnus populations broadcasting long calls comprised of multiple 'syllables'.
Brain size, gut size and cognitive abilities: the energy trade-offs tested in artificial selection experiment
<p>The enlarged brains of homeotherms bring behavioural advantages, but also incur high energy expenditures. The 'Expensive Brain' (EB) hypothesis posits that the energetic costs of the enlarged brain and the resulting increased cognitive abilities (CA) were met either by increased energy turnover or reduced allocation to other expensive organs, such as the gut.</p> <p><span>We tested the EB hypothesis by analyzing correlated responses to selection in an experimental evolution model system, which comprises line types of laboratory mice selected for high or low basal (BMR), or high maximum (VO<sub>2max</sub>) metabolic rates. The traits are implicated in the evolution of homeothermy, having been pre-requisites for the encephalisation and exceptional CA of mammals, including humans.<i> </i>High-BMR mice had bigger guts, but not brains, than mice of other line types. Yet, they were superior to the other line types in the cognitive tasks carried out in both reward and avoidance learning contexts. Furthermore, the high-BMR mice had higher neuronal plasticity (indexed as the long-term potentiation, LTP) than their counterparts. Our data indicate that the evolutionary increase of CA in mammals was initially associated with increased BMR and brain plasticity. It was also fueled by an enlarged gut, which was not traded off for brain size.</span></p>
Humans trade-off whole-body energy cost to avoid overburdening muscles while walking
<p>See ReadMe_MATLAB.txt and ReadMe_Excel.txt for more information.</p>
Energy Trade-Off and Four Extreme Human Body Types, supplementary file
<p>Energy Trade-Off and Four Extreme Human Body Types, supplementary file </p>
Data repository for "Navigating trade-offs and sustainable development pathways in the Andean water-energy-food-ecosystem nexus"
<p>Data and code supporting the research article: Navigating trade-offs and sustainable development pathways in the Andean water-energy-food-ecosystem nexus.</p>
Data from: When do trade-offs occur? The roles of energy constraints and trait flexibility in a bushcricket
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Brain size, gut size and cognitive abilities: the energy trade-offs tested in artificial selection experiment
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Data from: Always a price to pay: hibernation at low temperatures comes with a trade-off between energy savings and telomere damage
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Competition for energy between immunity and homeothermy triggers trade-offs and regulates host defense strategies
GEO Series GSE114473. Mus musculus. 36 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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