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Figure 4. Callytron monalisa. A in Increasing knowledge of the entomological fauna of the United Arab Emirates and the role of private collections

Figure 4. Callytron monalisa. A living specimen of Callytron monalisa, one of two specimens collected by B. Howarth in 2007 on Reem Island, Abu Dhabi. This rare species is known only from the Iranian side of the Arabian Gulf (photograph by D. Gardner).

Figure 2. The jewel beetle Pseudocastalia arabica. A in Increasing knowledge of the entomological fauna of the United Arab Emirates and the role of private collections

Figure 2. The jewel beetle Pseudocastalia arabica. A jewel beetle from the JAAENHG Insect Collection; this specimen was originally collected by J. N. B. Brown in Abu Dhabi and kept in the ENHG Collection there (photograph by B. Howarth).

Figure 3 in Increasing knowledge of the entomological fauna of the United Arab Emirates and the role of private collections

Figure 3. The flat-headed borer jewel beetle, Capnodis excisa. This specimen was collected by J. N. B. Brown in the Madam area, UAE; originally in the Abu Dhabi Collection, it is now housed in the JAAEN- HG Insect Collection in Al Ain (photograph by B. Howarth).

Figure 6 in Increasing knowledge of the entomological fauna of the United Arab Emirates and the role of private collections

Figure 6. An unidentified fly from the family Mydidae (photographed by D. Gardner). Whilst Mydidae had been observed in neighbouring Oman, before 2006 no records were known from the UAE.

Plecoptera of the Daniel L. Gustafson Aquatic Invertebrate Collection, Montana Entomology Collection, Montana State University

The adults and nymphs of Plecoptera, an order of aquatic insects commonly named stoneflies, are emulated in fly fishing patterns and the nymphs are used in water quality assessments. They are encountered in the flowing freshwaters of Montana and the state has relatively high species richness for this group. From 2018 to 2022, Montana Entomology Collection (MTEC), funded by the Council on Library and Information Resources “Hidden Collections” grant, digitized stonefly (Insecta: Plecoptera) specimens housed in its museum. This produced over 2000 records detailing sampling localities, collecting dates, number of individuals, and identifications of stoneflies collected mainly from Montana, USA. The records reveal the efforts of 40 collectors, spanning 60 years of sampling. This dataset makes information associated with 22,600 individual specimens from over 90 species stored in the MTEC available.

Odonata of the Montana Entomology Collection, Montana State University

Odonata is an ancient order of insects recognized by aquatic nymphs and the impressively agile flight of adults. The Montana Entomology Collection (MTEC) houses a large collection of Odonata, comprising over 10,000 individual specimens preserved in ethanol or dry in envelopes. MTEC received funding from the Council on Library and Information Resources “Hidden Collections” grant to digitize its Odonata specimens. This produced over 4500 records detailing sampling localities, collecting dates, number of individuals, and identifications of 145 species of dragonflies and damselflies collected mainly from the state of Montana. Digitization also revealed that during the past 120 years over 80 collectors contributed specimens, with a majority of the material collected by the aquatic entomologist Daniel L. Gustafson.

Freshwater crayfishes (Decapoda: Astacidea) of the Montana Entomology Collection, Montana State University

Astacidea (colloquially known as crayfish, crawfish, crawdads, or mudbugs) are well-recognized crustaceans, with distributions especially of interest to fisheries and aquatic ecologists. From 2018 to 2022, Montana Entomology Collection (MTEC), funded by the Council on Library and Information Resources “Hidden Collections” grant, digitized Astacidea (Crustacea: Decapoda) specimens housed in its museum. This produced over 160 metadata records detailing sampling localities, collecting dates, number of individuals, and identifications of specimens collected mainly from Montana, USA. The metadata records reveal the efforts of 28 collectors, spanning 60 years of sampling. This dataset makes information associated with 726 individual specimens from 5 species stored in the MTEC available.

Ephemeroptera of the Daniel L. Gustafson Aquatic Invertebrate Collection, Montana Entomology Collection, Montana State University

Ephemeroptera (commonly called mayflies) is an order of insects well-recognized by fishing enthusiasts and regularly used in water quality assessments. From 2018 to 2022, Montana Entomology Collection (MTEC), funded by the Council on Library and Information Resources “Hidden Collections” grant, digitized mayfly specimens housed in its museum. Digitization of label data produced over 2900 records detailing sampling localities, collecting dates, number of individuals, and identifications of mayflies collected mainly from Montana, USA. The records reveal the efforts of 29 collectors, contributing specimens since the 1970s. The digital records make information associated with 37,000 individual specimens from approximately 100 species stored in the MTEC available.

Corixidae of the Montana Entomology Collection, Montana State University

Corixidae (Order Hemiptera) is a widespread and species-rich family of aquatic insects, colloquially called Water Boatmen. The Montana Entomology Collection (MTEC), funded by the Council on Library and Information Resources “Hidden Collections” grant, digitized Corixidae specimens housed in its museum. This produced over 4700 records detailing sampling localities, collecting dates, number of individuals, and identifications of 44 species of Corixidae primarily collected from Montana, USA. Spanning over one century of sampling, the records reveal the efforts of 50 collectors who contributed 5600 individual specimens.

Fig. 6. —Continuation. C in A comprehensive analysis of Morales Agacino entomological expeditions in Spanish Sahara 1941-1946, with an updated checklist of collection sites and collected insect species (Insecta Polyneoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera Carabidae and Tenebrionidae)

Fig. 6. —Continuation. C, Asserfa,a stony-sandy plain, northern Cap Boujdour (26°22'N, 13°58'W); D, edge of Sebkhat Tah, where Bolivaremia domenechi Morales Agacino, 1949 has been observed. Photos: Annie Garcin.

FIG. 2 in A comprehensive analysis of Morales Agacino entomological expeditions in Spanish Sahara 1941-1946, with an updated checklist of collection sites and collected insect species (Insecta Polyneoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera Carabidae and Tenebrionidae)

FIG. 2. — Routes of Morales Agacino expedition in Spanish Sahara: A, localities cited in the text with the reference numbers in Table 3; the route of the 1943 mission is reconstructed based on Morales Agacino's published data (red lines); B, route of 1941, 1942, 1943 missions, after off-text map in Morales Agacino (1943).

FIG. 5 in A comprehensive analysis of Morales Agacino entomological expeditions in Spanish Sahara 1941-1946, with an updated checklist of collection sites and collected insect species (Insecta Polyneoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera Carabidae and Tenebrionidae)

FIG. 5. — Distributions of nine species of Orthoptera Acridomorpha in a cline defined by maritime and continental influences in Spanish Sahara. These maps allow to figure out distributional patterns resulting from the spatialization of the continental index of Daget (1977) through the climate map of Morocco by Mokhtari et al. (2014): A, endemic species to the Atlantic coast; B, species of the Pre-Sahara and semi-deserts; C, species endemic to the Sahara; D, arenicolous species adapted to living in desert. See also georeferenced cartography.gpx in Suplementary Table 1.

FIG. 4 in A comprehensive analysis of Morales Agacino entomological expeditions in Spanish Sahara 1941-1946, with an updated checklist of collection sites and collected insect species (Insecta Polyneoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera Carabidae and Tenebrionidae)

FIG. 4. — Phamphagulus taxa in Spanish Sahara: A, Distribution of Pamphagulus vicinus Ramme, 1931, Pamphagulus mateui mateui Morales Agacino, 1949 and Pamphagulus mateui audebdidetensis Morales Agacino, 1949 (Orthoptera Acridomorpha Dericorythidae); B, C, habitus of Pamphagulus vicinus Ramme, 1931: B, male, specimen MNHN-EO-CAELIF159; C, female, specimen MNHN-EO- CAELIF160. Locality numbers: see Tables 3 and 5. After Morales Agacino (1949).

FIG. 3 in A comprehensive analysis of Morales Agacino entomological expeditions in Spanish Sahara 1941-1946, with an updated checklist of collection sites and collected insect species (Insecta Polyneoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera Carabidae and Tenebrionidae)

FIG. 3. — Localisation of the locality El Kantara = Al Gantra along the course of Morales Agacino's 1946 expedition. Symbol: ★, type locality of Bolivaremia domenechi Morales Agacino, 1949. Modified from Map of Morocco (1993).

FIG. 8 in A comprehensive analysis of Morales Agacino entomological expeditions in Spanish Sahara 1941-1946, with an updated checklist of collection sites and collected insect species (Insecta Polyneoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera Carabidae and Tenebrionidae)

FIG. 8. — Glauvarovia mendizabali Morales Agacino, 1945: A, original drawing by Morales Agacino (1945); B-D, female found at Graret Ould Al Aqel (24°25'N, 15°3'W; 50 m), in ventral (B, first illustration of the species sternites), dorsal (C), and side (D) views; E, F, male found at Foum Draa (28°40'N, 11°7'W; 40 m), dorsal (E) and frontal (F) views. Note the short tegmina in both male and female. Photos: Annie Garcin.

FIG. 6 in A comprehensive analysis of Morales Agacino entomological expeditions in Spanish Sahara 1941-1946, with an updated checklist of collection sites and collected insect species (Insecta Polyneoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera Carabidae and Tenebrionidae)

FIG. 6. — Examples of localities in ex-Spanish Sahara: A, Mouth of the Cra wadi at the coast, sandstone-limestone platforms in staircase steps (24°41'N, 14°53'W); B, fossil formation of dunes named Aguerguer in the background; in the rocky foreground, a seedling of Otoglyphis pubescens (Desf.) Pomel, Asteraceae (23°43'N, 15°14'W; 70 m). Photos: Annie Garcin.

FIG. 7 in A comprehensive analysis of Morales Agacino entomological expeditions in Spanish Sahara 1941-1946, with an updated checklist of collection sites and collected insect species (Insecta Polyneoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera Carabidae and Tenebrionidae)

FIG. 7. — Bolivaremia domenechi Morales Agacino, 1949: A, original drawing by Morales Agacino (1949); B, specimen observed in the North of Boujdour (26°22'N, 13°58'W; 50 m), dorsal view; C, specimen observed at the Sebkhat Tah (27°39'N, 12°55'W; 25 m), side view. Photos: Annie Garcin.

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Fig. 6. Letter from Ubirajara R in The Entomological Collection of Ricardo von Diringshofen (1900-1986) and its incorporation to the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo

Fig. 6. Letter from Ubirajara R. Martins to the then director of MZSP Paulo E. Vanzolini requesting an official letter of appreciation to be send to Dirings's family due to the donation of his Entomological Library.

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Fig. 4. Letters from Ubirajara R in The Entomological Collection of Ricardo von Diringshofen (1900-1986) and its incorporation to the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo

Fig. 4. Letters from Ubirajara R. Martins de Souza and Paulo E. Vanzolini, emphasizing the importance of Dirings's collection to the knowledge of the Neotropical Insects.