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31 results for “environmental constraints”
Observational constraints of fire, environmental and anthropogenic on pantropical tree cover - Data
<p>Data used for analysis in "Explainable Clustering Applied to the Definition of Terrestrial Biome" - using Decision Tree and Clustering techniques to identify biomes.</p> <p>Land surface properties:</p> <ul> <li><strong>TreeCover </strong>- Vegetation Continuous Fields (VCF) collection 6 fractional tree cover from <sup>1</sup>, regridded as per <sup>2</sup>.</li> <li><strong>urban </strong>cover from the History Database of the Global Environment, Version 3.1 (HYDE) <sup>3,4</sup></li> <li><strong>crop </strong>cover (from HYDE)</li> </ul> <ul> <li><strong>pas - Pasture </strong>Cover (from HYDE)<strong>PopDen </strong>(population density from HYDE)</li> <li><strong>BurntArea_xxxxx </strong>- Burnt area with xxxx denoting different products, provided by fireMIP <sup>5–7</sup>: <ul> <li>GFED_four: Global Fire Emissions Database, Version 4 (GFED4) <sup>8</sup></li> <li>GFED_four_s: Global Fire Emissions Database, Version 4.1, including small fires (GFEDv4.1) <sup>9</sup></li> <li>MCD_forty_five: MCD45 <sup>10</sup></li> <li>Meris: Fire_CCI4.0 <sup>11</sup></li> <li>MODIS: Fire_CCI5.1 <sup>12</sup></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>Climate:</p> <ul> <li><strong>MAP_xxx </strong>- Mean annual precipitation where xxx denotes data source: <ul> <li><strong>CMORPH </strong><sup>13,14</sup></li> <li><strong>CRU </strong>from version 4.03 of the Climatic Research Unit Time Series high-resolution gridded dataset (CRU TS v4.01) <sup>15</sup></li> <li><strong>GPCC: </strong><sup>16</sup></li> <li><strong>MSWEP: </strong><sup>17</sup></li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>MAT </strong>- Mean annual temperature from CRU)</li> <li><strong>MConc_xxx </strong>– Mean annual concentration of rainfall as defined by <sup>18</sup>, where xxx denotes precip data source (see “MAP_xxx”)</li> <li><strong>MADD_xxx</strong>- Mean annual fractional dry days from CRU - i.e. seasonality of rainfall), where xxx denotes precip data source (see “MAP_xxx”)</li> <li><strong>MDDM_xxx </strong>– Mean fractional dry days of the driest month.</li> <li><strong>MADM_xxx – </strong>Mean annual precipitation of the driest month<strong>.</strong></li> <li><strong>MTWM </strong>- Mean Maximum Temperature of the warmest month from CRU</li> <li><strong>MTCM </strong>- Mean minimum temperature of the coldest month from CRU</li> <li><strong>SW1 </strong>- direct downwards SW simulated using the SLASH model using CRU cloud cover</li> <li><strong>SW2 </strong>- diffuse downwards SW simulated using the SLASH model using CRU cloud cover</li> <li><strong>MaxWind </strong>(Mean Max Windspeed from CRU-(National Centers for Environmental Prediction <sup>15</sup></li> </ul> <p>‘output_summary’ contains framework output. There are several directories for different experiments, each containing a netcdf file. Along with standard latitude and longitude,each file contains ‘model_level_number’ dimension, with each layer representing the 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, 95 and 99% quantiles of the model posterior. The folder represents the experiment:</p> <ul> <li>Control – standard full model reconstruction</li> <li>noHumans – without human influence (from crop, pasture, population density or urban influence)</li> <li>noMortality – without disturbance stress (burnt area, wind, heat stress, rainfall seasonality</li> <li>noMAP – without mean annual precip influence.</li> <li>noNoneMAT – without mean annual temperature influence.</li> <li>noFire – tree cover without the influence of fire</li> <li>noDrought – without the influence of rainfall distribution</li> <li>noTasMort – without mortality from heat stress</li> <li>noWind – without influence from max. windspeed</li> <li>noPas – without exclusion from pasture</li> <li>noCrop – without exclusion from crop</li> <li>noPop – without reduction from population density</li> <li>noUrban – without exclusion from urban</li> <li>firePlus1pc – tree cover with burnt area was 1% higher.</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>1. Dimiceli, C. & Others. MOD44B MODIS/Terra Vegetation Continuous Fields Yearly L3 Global 250m SIN Grid V006 (NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC, 2015). Preprint at (2015).</p> <p>2. Kelley, D. I. <em>et al.</em> How contemporary bioclimatic and human controls change global fire regimes. <em>Nat. Clim. Chang.</em> <strong>9</strong>, 690–696 (2019).</p> <p>3. Klein Goldewijk, K., Goldewijk, K. K., Beusen, A., Van Drecht, G. & De Vos, M. The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human-induced global land-use change over the past 12,000 years. <em>Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr.</em> <strong>20</strong>, 73–86 (2010).</p> <p>4. Hurtt, G. C. <em>et al.</em> Harmonization of land-use scenarios for the period 1500–2100: 600 years of global gridded annual land-use transitions, wood harvest, and resulting secondary lands. <em>Climatic Change</em> vol. 109 117–161 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0153-2 (2011).</p> <p>5. Hantson, S., Arneth, A., Harrison, S. P. & Kelley, D. I. The status and challenge of global fire modelling. (2016).</p> <p>6. Hantson, S. <em>et al.</em> Quantitative assessment of fire and vegetation properties in simulations with fire-enabled vegetation models from the Fire Model Intercomparison Project. <em>Geoscientific Model Development</em> vol. 13 3299–3318 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3299-2020 (2020).</p> <p>7. Rabin, S. S., Melton, J. R. & Lasslop, G. The Fire Modeling Intercomparison Project (FireMIP), phase 1: experimental and analytical protocols with detailed model descriptions. <em>Geoscientific Model</em> (2017).</p> <p>8. Giglio, L., Randerson, J. T. & van der Werf, G. R. Analysis of daily, monthly, and annual burned area using the fourth-generation global fire emissions database (GFED4). <em>J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci.</em> <strong>118</strong>, 317–328 (2013).</p> <p>9. van der Werf, G. R. <em>et al.</em> Global fire emissions estimates during 1997–2016. <em>Earth Syst. Sci. Data</em> <strong>9</strong>, 697–720 (2017).</p> <p>10. Roy, D. P., Boschetti, L., Justice, C. O. & Ju, J. The collection 5 MODIS burned area product — Global evaluation by comparison with the MODIS active fire product. <em>Remote Sensing of Environment</em> vol. 112 3690–3707 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.05.013 (2008).</p> <p>11. Alonso-Canas, I. & Chuvieco, E. Global burned area mapping from ENVISAT-MERIS and MODIS active fire data. <em>Remote Sens. Environ.</em> <strong>163</strong>, 140–152 (2015).</p> <p>12. Chuvieco, E. <em>et al.</em> Generation and analysis of a new global burned area product based on MODIS 250 m reflectance bands and thermal anomalies. <em>Earth System Science Data</em> vol. 10 2015–2031 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2015-2018 (2018).</p> <p>13. Joyce, R. J., Janowiak, J. E., Arkin, P. A. & Xie, P. CMORPH: A Method that Produces Global Precipitation Estimates from Passive Microwave and Infrared Data at High Spatial and Temporal Resolution. <em>J. Hydrometeorol.</em> <strong>5</strong>, 487–503 (2004).</p> <p>14. Marthews, T. R., Blyth, E. M., Martínez-de la Torre, A. & Veldkamp, T. I. E. A global-scale evaluation of extreme event uncertainty in the eartH2Observe project. <em>Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.</em> <strong>24</strong>, 75–92 (2020).</p> <p>15. Harris, I. C. & Jones, P. D. CRU TS4.03: Climatic Research Unit (CRU) Time-Series (TS) version 4.03 of high-resolution gridded data of month-by-month variation in climate (Jan. 1901- Dec. 2018). (2019) doi:10.5285/10D3E3640F004C578403419AAC167D82.</p> <p>16. Schneider, U., Becker, A., Finger, P., Meyer-Christoffer, A. & Ziese, M. GPCC Full Data Monthly Product Version 2018 at 0.5◦: Monthly Land-Surface Precipitation from Rain-Gauges Built on GTS-Based and Historical Data. <em>Deutscher Wetterdienst: Offenbach am Main, Germany</em> (2018).</p> <p>17. Beck, H. E., Van Dijk, A. & Levizzani, V. MSWEP: 3-hourly 0.25 global gridded precipitation (1979-2015) by merging gauge, satellite, and reanalysis data. <em>Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.</em> (2017).</p> <p>18. Kelley, D. I., Harrison, S. P., Wang, H. & Simard, M. A comprehensive benchmarking system for evaluating global vegetation models. (2013).</p>
Fig. 1 in Environmental constraints structuring fish assemblages in riffles: evidences from a tropical stream
Fig. 1. Biplot of the Redundancy Analysis (RDA) of the reduced environmental model with species abundance (a) and trophic composition (b) as response variable. The first two axes of the RDA explained 92.4% of the speciesenvironment relationship and 98.1% of the trait-environment relationship. Species: Aspsp - Aspidoras sp.; Cetihe - Cetopsorhamdia cf. iheringi; Impsch - Imparfinis schubarti; Phesp - Phenacorhamdia sp.; Hypsp - Hypostomus sp.; Harpun - Harttia punctata; Apamac - Apareiodon machrisi; Chazeb - Characidium zebra; Crebri - Creagrutus britskii; Knocha - Knodus cf. chapadae.
Data from: Strong bat predation and weak environmental constraints predict longer moth tails
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Data from: Avoiding dead ends: the experimental evolution of constraint as adaptation to environmental variation
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Environmental and morphological constraints interact to drive the evolution of communication signals in frogs
Animals show a rich diversity of signals and displays. Among the many selective forces driving the evolution of communication between individuals, one widely recognized factor is the structure of the environment in which signals are produced, transmitted and received. In particular, animals communicating by sounds often emit acoustic signals from specific locations, such as high up in the air, from the ground or in the water. The properties of these different display sites will impose different constraints on sound production and transmission and may therefore drive signal evolution. Here, we used comparative phylogenetic analyses to assess the relationship between the display site properties and the structure of reproductive calls from 161 frog species from the frog families Ranidae, Leptodactylidae and Hylidae. Specifically, we compared the dominant frequency of species that vocalize from aquatic versus non-aquatic sites, and its relation with body size. We found that the dominant frequency of frogs calling from the water was lower than that of species calling outside of the water, a trend that was consistent across the three families studied. Furthermore, phylogenetic path analysis revealed that the call site had both direct and indirect effects on the dominant frequency. Indirect effects were mediated by call site influencing male body size, which in turn was negatively associated to call dominant frequency. Our results suggest that properties of display sites can drive signal evolution, most likely through morphological constraints, in particular the ones imposed on the sound production mechanism. Also, variation in body size between calling sites explained some of the differences we found in call frequency, highlighting the relevance of the interplay between morphological adaptation and signal evolution. Changes of display site may therefore have important evolutionary consequences, as it may influence sexual selection processes and ultimately may even promote speciation.
Nuanced qualitative trait approaches reveal environmental filtering and phylogenetic constraints on lichen communities
<p>We propose that a qualitative trait approach based on more detailed nuanced traits may reveal previously overlooked patterns, especially when combined with phylogenetic perspectives. By sampling epiphytic lichens and using a functional approach based on nuanced qualitative traits, such as a much greater resolution over photobiont identity, type of cortex and chemical compounds, we evaluated the effects of environmental filtering and phylogenetic constraints on community assembly along natural succession of Atlantic rainforest. We found changes in taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic composition, structure and diversity. Functional traits such as photobiont genera, type of cortex, reproductive structures, propagule size and protection strategies showed strong responses to succession. Mature forests with a closed canopy impose strong environment filtering that is reflected in lichen species turnover, limiting diversity, but also holding different functional and phylogenetic composition. The use of a nuanced qualitative trait approach may overcome some of the limitations of using this type of traits and show the importance of often overlooked key lichen functional traits, including presence of carbon concentrating mechanisms in photobionts and cortex properties. Furthermore, this is the first study showing how patterns of phylogenetic assembly along forest succession structure lichen communities.</p>
Data from: Global variation in the relationship between avian phylogenetic diversity and functional distance is driven by environmental context and constraints
<p>Aim: If evolutionary distance is akin to evolutionary chance, then it follows that species assemblages that are distantly related will also be more disparate in terms of their traits, features and the niches they occupy. Yet, studies have found that the total phylogenetic distance of an assemblages, known as phylogenetic diversity, is an unreliable surrogate for functional diversity. We investigate global variation in the relationship between Faith's Phylogenetic Diversity (PD) and Mean Pairwise Functional Distance (MPFD) across latitude and the influence of migratory species on both these aspects of diversity.</p> <p>Location: Global.</p> <p>Time period: Present day.</p> <p>Major taxa studied: Birds.</p> <p>Methods: We measure PD and MPFD for over 9,000 species of bird across more than 17,000 globally distributed assemblages. We obtain standardised effect sizes for both indices by simulating assemblage composition under an ecologically informed null model. We employ path analysis to characterise variation in the relationship between PD's and MPFD across latitude, elevation and with proportion of migratory species.</p> <p>Results: Globally, assemblages that were phylogenetically diverse tended to be less functionally dispersed than expected; however this relationship showed considerable variation across latitude decreasing with distance from the equator. The proportion of migratory species in an assemblage was found to be an important predictor of functional diversity, with migrant rich assemblages generally showing less functional diversity than expected. We identify the Andes and Hengduan Mountains as regions of exceptional bird functional diversity.</p> <p>Main conclusions: The relationship between phylogenetic diversity and function diversity is context specific, varying across environmental gradients such as latitude, and influenced by ecological phenomena such a migration. Thus, care should be taken using phylogenetic diversity as a proxy for functional diversity, particularly in clades with sparse functional data. Instead we recommend that studies consider how phylogenetic diversity's surrogacy for functional diversity may be impacted by environmental context and evaluate empirical observations against biogeographically constrained and ecological informed null models.</p>
Data from: Global variation in the relationship between avian phylogenetic diversity and functional distance is driven by environmental context and constraints
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Data from: Environmental constraints can explain clutch size differences between urban and forest blue tits: Insights from an egg removal experiment
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Environmental and morphological constraints interact to drive the evolution of communication signals in frogs
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Nuanced qualitative trait approaches reveal environmental filtering and phylogenetic constraints on lichen communities
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Data from: Environmental constraints on size-dependent signaling affects mating and rival interactions
Advertisement signals can convey information about a sender's characteristics, such as body size. The reliability of signals, however, can be reduced when signal production is partially dependent on the environment. Here we show that display site properties can affect signal production and consequently signal attractiveness in a size-dependent manner. We recorded male túngara frogs (Physalaemus pustulosus) while manipulating water levels in order to constrain calling. We found that water level affected male call properties in a size-dependent manner, with call amplitude being less affected in smaller males when forced to call in shallow water. Next, we tested how size-dependent and display site-dependent signaling affected female choice and rival competition. Both males and females showed the strongest response to the call of a large male when he was calling at the deepest water levels. However, females showed no preference for large over small males when both were recorded in shallow water levels, or, depending on the call rate and timing of calls, even preferred small males. Likewise, males responded equally to large and small rivals recorded calling during shallow water level trials. Our experiments show that display site properties can influence signal production and attractiveness in a size-dependent manner. These results can have important consequences for the evolution of signaling, as small males may be able to use their size to their advantage when selecting appropriate display sites and thereby outcompete large males.
Data from: Environmental constraints on the compositional and phylogenetic beta-diversity of tropical forest snake assemblages
The ongoing biodiversity crisis increases the importance and urgency of studies addressing the role of environmental variation on the composition and evolutionary history of species assemblages, but especially the tropics and ectotherms remain understudied. In regions with rainy summers, coexistence of ectothermic species may be determined by the partitioning of the climatic niche, since ectotherms can rely on water availability and thermoregulatory behaviour to buffer constraints along their climatic niche. Conversely, ectotherms facing dry summers would have fewer opportunities to climatic niche partitioning and other processes rather than environmental filtering would mediate species coexistence. We used 218 snake assemblages to quantify the compositional (CBD) and phylogenetic (PBD) beta-diversity of snakes in the Atlantic Forest (AF) hotspot. We identify two AF regions with distinct climatological regimes: dry summers in the northern-AF and rainy summers in the southern-AF. While accounting for the influence of multiscale spatial processes, we disentangle the relative contribution of thermal, water-related, and topographic conditions in structuring the CBD and PBD of snake assemblages, and determine the extent in which snake assemblages under distinct climatological regimes are affected by environmental filtering. Thermal conditions best explain CBD and PBD of snakes for the whole AF, whereas water-related factors best explain the structure of snake assemblages within a same climatological regime. CBD and PBD patterns are similarly explained by spatial factors but snake assemblages facing dry summers are more affected by spatial processes operating at fine to intermediate spatial scale whereas those assemblages in regions with rainy summers have a stronger signature of coarser-scale processes. As expected, environmental filtering plays a stronger role in southern-AF than northern-AF, and the synergism between thermal and water-related conditions is the key cause behind this difference. Differences in climatological regimes within the tropics may affect processes mediating species coexistence. The role of broad-scale gradients (e.g. temperature, precipitation) in structuring tropical ectothermic assemblages is greater in regions with rainy summers where climatic niche partitioning is more likely. Our findings highlight the potential stronger role of biotic interactions and neutral processes in structuring ectothermic assemblages facing changes towards warmer and dryer climates.
Data from: When phenotypes do not match genotypes – unexpected phenotypic diversity and potential environmental constraints in Icelandic stickleback
Divergent lateral plate phenotypes in stickleback represent one of only a few cases known where a single gene underlies the phenotype under divergent selection between different habitats. However, the selection pressures leading to the repeated loss of lateral plates in freshwater are still not well understood. By genotyping 838 individuals from nine independently colonized lakes and one marine population in Iceland, we found i) that only in some lakes are phenotypes associated with the expected genotype and ii) that the independent repeated occurrence of a rarely described plate phenotype is expressed in the absence of an allele that is usually associated with this phenotype. This suggests that either other genes such as modifiers might be under divergent selection between lakes or that lateral plate expression in these populations is restricted due to environmental constraints.
Pollination-related plant traits under environmental changes: seasonal and daily mismatches produce temporal constraints
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Figure 1 in Environmental constraints affect underground reproduction of the common toad (Bufo bufo)
Figure 1. Geographical location of the study area within the Carpathian Mountains (A), The map (fragment) of Peştera cu Apă Cave from Gârliştei Gorges (Aninei Mountains, Romania) showing the breeding areas (BA) location (B).
Analyzing time-energy constraints to understand the links between environmental change and local extinctions in terrestrial ectotherms
<p>Accelerated extinction rates have prompted an increased focus on the interplay between environmental change and species response. The effects of environmental change on thermal opportunity are typically considered through a climate change context. However, habitat alteration can also have strong effects on the thermal environment. Additionally, habitat alteration is considered a leading factor of species extinction, yet few studies address the influence of habitat alteration on thermal opportunity and time-energy budgets in at-risk species. Here we show the strong effects that habitat degradation can have on thermal opportunity, time energy-budgets, and life history demographics of local populations. In the Ozark Mountains of northern Arkansas, woody vegetation encroachment has resulted in a shift in life history traits that appears to play an important role in recent extirpations of Eastern Collared Lizards (<i>Crotaphytus collaris</i>). Populations in degraded habitats experienced a decline in thermal opportunity and less time-at-body temperatures (time-at-<i>Tb</i>) suitable for digestion compared to those in intact habitats. We used our data to model the effect of reduced time-at-<i>Tb</i> on the net assimilated energy available for growth and reproduction. Our model predicts a ca. 46% decline in annual fecundity of individuals – which is similar to empirical observations of reproduction of <i>C. collaris</i> populations in degraded habitats (~49%). We conclude that <i>C. collaris</i> in degraded habitats experienced reduced growth and reproduction primarily as a result of constrained thermal opportunity leading to a decline in digestive processing rates. Our study applies an under-appreciated approach to identify the biophysical and time-energy effects of habitat alteration.</p>
Data for: Environmental and anthropogenic constraints on animal space use drive extinction risk worldwide
<p>Animals require a certain amount of habitat to persist and thrive, and habitat loss is one of the most critical drivers of global biodiversity decline. While habitat requirements have been predicted by relationships between species traits and home range size, little is known about constraints imposed by environmental conditions and human impacts on a global scale. Our meta-analysis of 395 vertebrate species shows that global climate gradients in temperature and precipitation exert indirect effects via primary productivity, generally reducing space requirements. Human pressure, however, reduces realized space use due to ensuing limitations in available habitat, particularly for large carnivores. We show that human pressure drives extinction risk by increasing the mismatch between space requirements and availability. We use large-scale climate gradients to predict current species extinction risk across global regions, which also offers an important tool for predicting future extinction risk due to ongoing space loss and climate change.</p>
Data from: Precipitation and environmental constraints on three aspects of flowering in three dominant tallgrass species
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Data from: When phenotypes do not match genotypes – unexpected phenotypic diversity and potential environmental constraints in Icelandic stickleback
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.