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52 results for “environmental fluctuations”
A tradeoff between robustness to environmental fluctuations and speed of evolution
<p>The ability of a species to cope with both long-term and short-term environmental fluctuations might vary with the species' life history. While some life-history characteristics promote large and stable population sizes despite interannual environmental fluctuations, other life-history strategies might allow to evolve quickly in response to long-term gradual changes. In a theoretical study, we show that there is a tradeoff between both properties. Life-history characteristics that promote fast rates of evolution come at the expense of a poor response to short-term environmental fluctuations, and vice versa. We demonstrated the presence of this tradeoff by the use of a mathematical analysis and individual-based simulations.</p>
Figure 4 in Limitations of allometry, morphometry, and fluctuating asymmetry in detecting environmental stress caused by lead soil contamination in aphids under field conditions
Figure 4 Fluctuating asymmetry (mean and error deviation) observed in the antenna and tibia of Brevicoryne brassicae in the presence (Lead (Pb)) and absence (Control) of lead.
Figure 3 in Limitations of allometry, morphometry, and fluctuating asymmetry in detecting environmental stress caused by lead soil contamination in aphids under field conditions
Figure 3 Negative allometry represented by the allometric coefficients of both the antenna and tibia and their confidence intervals; the values are related to the body length ofBrevicoryne brassicae in the presence (Lead (Pb)) and absence (Control) of lead.
Figure 1 in Limitations of allometry, morphometry, and fluctuating asymmetry in detecting environmental stress caused by lead soil contamination in aphids under field conditions
Figure 1 Brevicoryne brassicae placed in a dorsal-ventral position for structure measurement. (a): Total body length (b): antenomer length (c): length of the posterior tibia. Source: the authors.
Figure 2 in Limitations of allometry, morphometry, and fluctuating asymmetry in detecting environmental stress caused by lead soil contamination in aphids under field conditions
Figure 2 Mean length and standard error of the antenna, tibia and body length of Brevicoryne brassicae in the presence (Lead (Pb)) and absence (Control) of lead.
Figure 1 in Using of fluctuating asymmetry in adult Pelophylax ridibundus (Amphibia: Anura: Ranidae) meristic traits as a method for assessing developmental stability of population and environmental quality of their habitat: industrial area in southern Bulgaria
Figure 1. An indicative map of the sites in southern Bulgaria where P. ridibundus individuals were captured in 2019.
Figure 2 in Using of fluctuating asymmetry in adult Pelophylax ridibundus (Amphibia: Anura: Ranidae) meristic traits as a method for assessing developmental stability of population and environmental quality of their habitat: industrial area in southern Bulgaria
Figure 2. Photos of some asymmetric P. ridibundus individuals from site 1: the Chaya River in southern Bulgaria. Legend: a–d: asymmetric morphological traits on the back of the body and hind limbs of frogs, e–f: asymmetric morphological traits on the fingers of frogs. Trait 1 – number of stripes on the dorsal side of the thigh (femur); trait 2 – number of spots on the dorsal side of the thigh; trait 3 – number of stripes on the dorsal side of the shank (crus); trait 4 – number of spots on the dorsal side of the shank; trait 5 – number of stripes on the foot (pes); trait 6 – number of spots on the foot; trait 7 – number of stripes and spots on the back (dorsum); trait 8 – number of white spots on the ventral side of the second finger of the hind leg; trait 9 – number of white spots on the ventral side of the third finger of the hind leg; trait 10 – number of white spots on the ventral side of the fourth finger of the hind leg.
FIGURE 4 in Biases in the study of relationships between biodiversity dynamics and fluctuation of environmental conditions
FIGURE 4. Evolution of the sea surface temperature. Comparison of the raw data (Martin et al., 2014) with the curve obtained with the mean for each time interval and the curve obtained with the theoretical data calculated from the polynomial curve, smoothing spline, and two curves with three-point moving average and with weighted three-point moving average approaches.
FIGURE 3 in Biases in the study of relationships between biodiversity dynamics and fluctuation of environmental conditions
FIGURE 3. Comparison of the crocodylomorph genus diversity used in various studies. 1, comparison of the number of genera used for each marine crocodylomorph group; 2, comparison of the percent of each group used in the marine crocodylomorph diversity (with and without metriorhynchoids).
FIGURE 2 in Biases in the study of relationships between biodiversity dynamics and fluctuation of environmental conditions
FIGURE 2. Comparison of the crocodylomorph species diversity used in various studies. 1, comparison of the number of species used for each marine crocodylomorph group; 2, comparison of the per cent of each group and of the genus Steneosaurus in the marine crocodylomorph diversity used (with and without metriorhynchoids).
FIGURE 1 in Biases in the study of relationships between biodiversity dynamics and fluctuation of environmental conditions
FIGURE 1. Comparison between the diversity count of Jurassic-Paleogene marine crocodylomorphs (excluding metriorhynchoids) of Martin et al. (2014) (excluding Pelagosaurus typus), with the data obtained in the present work after several corrections. All the data is phylogenetically corrected. The data used in the present work includes four new species, corrections for the number of Machimosaurus species, and taxonomical corrections (see text).
A tradeoff between robustness to environmental fluctuations and speed of evolution
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Code for individual-based simulations in "Environmental fluctuations can promote evolutionary rescue in high-extinction-risk scenarios"
<p>Substantial environmental change can force a population onto a path towards extinction, but under some conditions, adaptation by natural selection can rescue the population and allow it to persist. This process, known as evolutionary rescue, is believed to be less likely to occur with greater magnitudes of random environmental fluctuations because environmental variation decreases expected population size, increases variance in population size, and increases evolutionary lag. However, previous studies of evolutionary rescue in fluctuating environments have only considered scenarios in which evolutionary rescue was likely to occur. We extend these studies to assess how baseline extinction risk (which we manipulated via changes in the initial population size, degree of environmental change, or mutation rate) influences the effects of environmental variation on evolutionary rescue following an abrupt environmental change. Using a combination of analytical models and stochastic simulations, we show that autocorrelated environmental variation hinders evolutionary rescue in low-extinction-risk scenarios but facilitates rescue in high-risk scenarios. In these high-risk cases, the chance of a run of good years counteracts the otherwise negative effects of environmental variation on evolutionary demography. These findings can inform the development of effective conservation practices that consider evolutionary responses to abrupt environmental changes.</p>
Net effect of environmental fluctuations in multiple global-change drivers across the tree of life
<p>This dataset contains the raw data presented in the article and supplementary material by M. J. Cabrerizo and E. Marañón entitled: "<strong>Net effect of environmental fluctuations in multiple global-change drivers across the tree of life"</strong></p>
Data and code from: Experimental evolution of environmental tolerance, acclimation, and physiological plasticity in a randomly fluctuating environment
<p>Environmental tolerance curves, representing absolute fitness against the environment, are an empirical assessment of the fundamental niche, and emerge from the phenotypic plasticity of underlying phenotypic traits. Dynamic plastic responses of these traits can lead to acclimation effects, whereby recent past environments impact current fitness. Theory predicts that higher levels of phenotypic plasticity should evolve in environments that fluctuate more predictably, but there have been few experimental tests of these predictions. Specifically, will still lack experimental evidence for evolution of acclimation effects in response to environmental predictability. Here, we exposed 25 genetically diverse populations of the halotolerant microalgae Dunaliella salina to different constant salinities, or to randomly fluctuating salinities, for over 200 generations. The fluctuating treatments differed in their autocorrelation, which determines the similarity of subsequent values, and thus environmental predictability. We then measured acclimated tolerance surfaces, mapping population growth rate against past (acclimation) and current (assay) environments. We found that experimental mean and variance in salinity caused the evolution of niche position (optimal salinity) and breadth, with respect to not only current but also past (acclimation) salinity. We also detected weak but significant evidence for evolutionary changes in response to environmental predictability, with higher predictability leading notably to an upwards shift in optimal salinities and stronger acclimation effect of past environment on current fitness. We further showed that these responses are related to the evolution of plasticity for intracellular glycerol, the major osmoregulatory mechanism in this species. However the direction of plasticity evolution did not match simple theoretical predictions. Our results underline the need for a more explicit consideration of the dynamics of environmental tolerance and its underlying plastic traits to reach a better understanding of ecology and evolution in fluctuating environments.</p>
Simulations on environmental fluctuations and the maintenance of sexually antagonistic alleles
<p>In this project, we investigate how environmental fluctuations impact the maintenance of sexually antagonistic alleles using the modelling framework of ecological coexistence theory.</p> <p>The simulations uploaded here can be used to reproduce the figures in the paper associated with this dataset. </p> <p> </p> <p>Please direct any queries about the project to <a href="https://github.com/stoufferlab/coexistence_alleles/blob/master/spflanagan.phd@gmail.com">spflanagan.phd@gmail.com</a>.</p>
Data from: Evolution of phenotypic plasticity during environmental fluctuations
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Code for individual-based simulations in "Environmental fluctuations can promote evolutionary rescue in high-extinction-risk scenarios"
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Disease or drought: Environmental fluctuations release zebra from a potential pathogen-triggered ecological trap
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Data from: Scale-dependent responses to environmental fluctuations in tropical tree species’ crown temperatures
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